Tasekla d taywalt ur nettfaka, deg-s iwehha wawal ɣer umdan, tettawi-d ɣef umdan; d nettat i d lemri n umdan. Ur d-tessenfalay ara kan tudert n umdan; d nettat i as-tt-yettakken tikwal. Deg udlis-agi-ines, inced-aɣ Todorov ad nwali annect-a deg yimeḥbas i d-tsellek tsekla seg tmettant neɣ seg tselbi; simmal qqaren simmal tettaẓ taggara n twaɣit. Tasekla ? ha-tt-an deg unamek-ines. Akka i tt-iwala Todorov. Ma ur newwit ad nefhem ayen i d-aɣ-teqqar, ma ur nefhim inumak-ines, d nekni ara tt-yegren di twaɣit.

Tazwart

La littérature en péril (s tagi-nneɣ, nezmer ad t-id-nerr : tasekla di twaɣit) d adlis i yura Tzvetan Todorov deg useggas n 2007. Yura-t ɣef twuɣa iḥuzan tsekla ama deg uselmed-ines, ama deg usmeḍren d unadi (réflexion et recherche).

Adlis-agi n Todorov d tiɣri i useḥbiber ɣef tsekla ; d tiɣri i wid yettdebbiren ɣef uselmed n tsekla akken ur ttarran ara aslaḍ n yiḍrisen (l’analyse des textes) d amedya kan i usexdem n wawalen imeḍranen i d-sumren yisnelsiyen neɣ yimaẓrayen n tsekla. Tiɣri-agi, tekkat ad terr aslaḍ-agi d anadi ɣef unamek n tmiga tiseklanin (œuvres littéraires).

Adlis-agi d annuy deg umezruy n tikta yerzan tumast (l’essence) n tsekla d tmuɣliwin iɣef tebded tfulka (l’esthétique) deg tlata n leqrun-agi ineggura. Deg wannuy-agi, isken-d Todorov amek i d-tlul takti yerran tasekla d tanimant (autonomie de la littérature). Takti-agi i d-yeqqaren belli tasekla ur nesɛi assaɣ d tilawt ; tessekfa iman-is ; azal-ines ha-t kan deg-s ; ur telli d tanfalit n yiḥulfan n umdan, ur telli d tamuɣli ɣef ddunit d tudert.

07 n yixfawen n udlis-agi, wehhan akk ɣer yiwet n takti d tagejdant. Yewwet Todorov ad yesken amek i sdeyqen tamuɣli ɣef tsekla, ama deg uselmed ama deg uzɣan (ula d kra n yimura ddan di llem n uselmed d uzɣan) seg wasmi i tt-ɛezlen ɣef tudert n umdan. Asirem-is ad d-isenɛet amek i tekcem tsekla di twaɣit seg wasmi i tt-rran d taɣessa kan neɣ d inaw icebḥen kan.

  1. Tarrayt n tɣuri d tarewla ɣef rrebrab n tesnekta

Yebda-tt-id Todorov deg yiman-is : netta n tmurt n Bulɣarya; dinna i illul, i yedder almi d asmi yekfa taɣuri di tesdawit n Sofya. Di tallit-nni, Bulɣarya tella d tamurt tazduklant (communiste). Akken ad yeffeɣ ɣef ubrid i teḍfer tesdawit n lawan-nni, ideg anadi ussnan issefk ad yekki deg lebni n tesnekta tazduklant, yekker yerra ddehn-is ɣer tɣessa n uḍris (yella yakan yessen ayen xedmen imselɣiyen n Russ (formaliste russes), gar-sen Jakobson, Propp, Tynianov, Brik, Tomachevski, atg.). Yexdem tazrawt ɣef sin n wudmawen yiwen n tullist : ibeggen-d deg-s amek yettbeddil umaru taɣara n yimyagen d wacu-t wazal n ubeddel-agi ɣef tɣessa n uḍris.

Mi iruḥ Todorov ad ikemmel leqraya-ines di Fransa, yufa aselmed n tsekla yedda ilmend n tmura d umezruy. D ayen ur neffiɣ fell-as acku yella yessarem ad yernu deg walmad-ines di temsal yeqqnen ɣer uɣanib, taɣessa d talɣiwin n tsiwelt (sbtr 11). Timliliyin-ines netta d Gerard Genette, s yin akkin netta d Roland Barthes, slalent-id deg-s tabɣest d tezmert akken ad yesnerni tidmi-ines d umahil-ines abeɛda deg tsensiwelt (narratologie) d usuqqel n tedmi n yimselɣiyen n Russ. Cwiṭ cwiṭ, imi yettidir di tmetti tafransist (yuɣal d afransis), yebda yettfiq belli tidmi d wazalen di tsekla ur msilen ara deg ujeɣlal asnektan i yettilin, di tmura ur nbedd ara ɣef tugdut d yizerfan n umdan, d amnir  i usnulfu (issefk ɣef umaru ad t-iqader).
Ssebba-nni (d tasnektant yerna d tasertant) yellan di tmurt n Bulɣarya, ur telli di Fransa. Am win ara ak-yinin tasnarrayt n unadi di temsal n tsekla tetteddu ɛlaḥsab n unagraw asertan-asnektan yettinin di tmurt. Seg yimir ibeddel Todorov tamuɣli-s ɣef uslaḍ aseklan. D netta i d-yennan : “ seg yimiren, leḥmala i ḥemmleɣ tasekla ur tt-id-qriɛent ara tlisa n ttrebga i ttwarebbaɣ di tmurt-iw igan d tasnareft (dictature). Ɣef waya, uɣaleɣ ttnadiɣ ɣef ttawilat niḍen, d imaynuten; iban-iyi-d ilaq-iyi ad isineɣ imiḍranen (concepts) n tussniwin n umdan” (sbtr 14). Akka, takti isbedden tasekla ɣef lebni n tmeslayt kan, d takti isdeyqen azal n tsekla. D takti-agi, ideg tuɣal tɣessa d ul n tsekla, i d-yefkan tadmi taẓraɣsit di tsekla (la pensée structuraliste). Akken i t-id-imeɛɛen Todorov s tudert-is netta s timmad-is, mi nudan yimusnawen ad ḍerfen tislaḍ-nsen tiseklanin ɣef tesnekta d tsertit di tmura ibedden ɣef tesnareft (dictature), sneqsen deg wazal n tsekla, nutni ue faqen, ur ɛemden ɣef wannect-n.

 

  1. Tuɣal tsekla d azulal (absurde)

S yin akkin, yerra Todorov ddehn-is ɣer uselmed n tsekla akken i yella di tesdawiyin d tesnawiyin n Fransa. Mi teṭṭef tedmi taẓraɣsit amkan di tsudda n unadi d uselmed (nniqal d aselmed azrayan n tsekla i ileḥḥun), yuɣal uselmed aseklan ireṣṣa ɣef takti yerran tasekla d anagraw iɣelqen ɣef yiman-is, ccbaḥa-s ha-tt deg yiman-is, ur tuḥwaǧ la tilawt la tidet, la tadawla (l’éthique). Ɣef wannect-a, yenna Todorov (sbtr 18 d 19) : « Iswi agejdan n uselmed n tsekla [di lawan-nni] d tamussni n tarrayin n tɣuri (d wayen akk sexdament d ttawilat). Yuɣal uselmed-agi ur isawaḍ ara ameɣri akken ad yefhem liḥala n umdan d tmetti, n tayri d lkerh, n tumert d layas.
Deg uɣerbaz, ur selmaden ara ɣef wacu i d-tettawi tsekla, selmaden d acu i d-yeqqar uzɣan aseklan ». Abrid-agi i defren deg uselmed yeqqen tasekla ɣer tanga-ines tatlayant (matériau verbal) d tɣessa-ines (structure). Tuɣal twuri n tsekla amzun akken terza kan ccbaḥa n umeslay akk d tɣessa n tmuga (oeuvres). Akken i t-id-yura Todorov (sbtr 24 d 25), « s umata, ameɣri ur nelli d asadran (professionnel), ur yeqqar ara akken ad iqetteb yiwet gar tarrayin n tɣuri neɣ akken ad d-yegmer isalan ɣef tmetti, ideg i d-nulfant tmiga (oeuvres) i yeqqar. Yeqqar akken ad yaf di tmiga-agi ayen ara t-yerren ad yefhem amdan d ddunit, yeqqar akken ad yaf deg wayen yeqqar ccbaḥa ara yesnernin tilin-ines (existence). Mi yesaweḍ ɣer wannect-a, ad yefhem iman-is s timmad-is. Tamussni n tsekla ur telli d iswi s timmad-is, maca d abrid ufrin yettawin akken yal amdan ad yemmed ».

Ayen ur nlaq ara ad t-yettu yiwen, d assaɣ yellan gar uselmed n tsekla (di tesnawiyin d tesdawiyin) d usmeḍran aẓrayan (réflexion théorique) ɣef tsekla, abeɛda di tmurt n Fransa. Yessefhem-d Todorov amek i uɣalent tmukrisin n tsekla wehhant akk ɣer uslaḍ n wassaɣen gar yiferdisen n tmigit (l’oeuvre). Tuɣal tsukla (littérarité) d tɣessa d aɣbel agejdan deg usmeḍren ɣef tsekla. Amek i tga tsekla ? D wa i d ul n tmukrist. Ayen ɣef i d-tettawi d wayen i d-teqqar ɣef ddunit d umdan d tidet d tdawla (ethique) ur yesɛi azal ameqqran deg usmeḍren aẓrayan n tsekla deg yiseggasen n 50 ar yiseggasen n 70.
S wakka ayen i d-tsummer tedmi taẓrayant (pensée théorique) n yiseggasen-agi, yuɣ amḍiq deg uselmed d uzɣan (yella wanda ula deg usnulfu aseklan). Yuɣal tmal ttɛebga ɣer tama. Ɣas ma yella, akken i t-id-yenna Todorov (sbtr 29) ɣef yiman-is netta : « nniya-w (am nekk am wid yellan yid-i di teswiɛt-nni) ad as-ɛedleɣ lmizan gar wayen yella d agensay d wayen yellan d aniri di tsekla, akken ula gar tiẓri d tsekla ». Todorov s timmad-is yesteɛref belli mačči akken i isarem i ddant temsal (sbtr 29).

  1. Iẓuran n tfulka tatrart

Tiwuɣa-agi i iḥuzan tasekla, i tt-yerran d taɣessa kan neɣ i as-yeksen assaɣen i tt-yeṭṭfen d tudert (ama n umdan ama n tmetti), ur llint d ayen i d-ibanen kan di tlemmast n lqern yezrin. Iẓuran-nsent ddan deg umezruy. Todorov iwala-ten di tlemmast n lqern wis 18, asmi i d-yennulfa wawal “tifulka” (esthétique) akken ad d-mmlen yis-s aḥric-nni n usmeḍren afelsafi yerzan ayen icebḥen d wayen icemten. Di tallit-agi i tebda tatrarit deg yidelsan n tmura n Uruba.

Uqbel tallit-agi, llan imusnawen, di tedmi tanensayt (pensée classique), umnen s wassaɣen n tsekla nettat d tilawt. Aristot yesbedd tadyizt-ines (la Poétique) ɣef wassaɣen-agi. Ɣer-s netta, tamedyazt d arwas (imitation) n ugama. Horace, netta si tama-s, ittwali belli tamedyazt d inaw icebḥen, ara iɛeǧben i yinermasen, yerna yesseḥfaḍ imdanen. S umata, takti-agi : “tasekla tbedd  ɣef ccbaḥa yerna d allal n tmussni”, ɣas yettbeddil cwiṭ wudem-is deg umezruy, teqqim alarmi d asmi i d-berḥen s takti tamaynut, abeɛda di lqern wis 18, i yerran ccbaḥa d tumast (essence) n tmedyazt (d nettat i d ul-is), issefk kan ad tt-iḥemmel unermas ilmend n ccbaḥa-ines. Ittusemma yuɣal umesnulfuy amzun d aṛebbit; ayen i d-yesnulfa d taɣawsa, deg-s ad yettwali ccbaḥa-s ilmend-is kan. Seg yimiren, tebda-d, s yin ɣef da, tettnerni tmuɣli issawalen i “tẓuri ilmend n tẓuri” (ɣas ttuqten yiberdan n tmenna n tmuɣli-agi); ur yelli wassaɣ ara tt-yerzen ɣer tudert. Aɛzal-agi i ɛezlen ccbaḥa ɣef tudert d tidet d tdawla (l’éthique), leqqment-t kra n trebuyaɛ, ama d imesnulfuyen ama d imsezɣanen. Amusu i umi qqaren s tefransist les Parnassiens, i d-ibanen di lqern wis 19 d wat tmuɣli tamaynut deg uzɣan ibedden ɣef uslaḍ n talɣiwin d tɣessa n tmiga tiseklanin (gar-asen imselɣiyen n Russ (formalists russes) s yin ɣer-sen imesɣasen (les structuralistes) s umata) d imedyaten yettwassnen nezzeh gar trebuyaɛ-agi.  Ɣas mxalen cwiṭ leṛyuy ɣer wat tmuɣli-agi, ad ten-naf dukklen ɣef wawal yerran ccbaḥa tezḍa s wassaɣen yettilin kan gar yiferdisen i as-ittaken udem ; yerna, deg wayen yerzan tawuri-ines (sa fonction) d taɣawsa yessekfan iman-is s yiman-is.

  1. « Ḥemmleɣ tasekla acku tettɛawan-iyi ad idireɣ »

Ma yella iḍrisen iseklanen lhan kan d annar i tmuɣliwin n yimusnawen (yal wa d taɣult-ines); ma yella azal-nsen nettel-it kan di ccbaḥa n tutlayt-nsen d talɣiwin-nsen; ma nettu belli d imdanen (d irgazen neɣ d tlawin) i ten-id-yesnulfan s yiḥulfan-nsen (n tayri, n lkerh, n tumert, n leḥzen, n tismin, n tdukli, n tnesfi (égoïsme), n tmidwa (amitié), atg.); ma nessader tiṭ ɣef wayen i d-qqaren deg yiḍrisen-nsen, i umi-tt ihi tsekla ?

Tasekla d taywalt ur nettfaka, deg-s iwehha wawal ɣer umdan, tettawi-d ɣef umdan; d nettat i d lemri n umdan. Ur d-tessenfalay ara kan tudert n umdan; d nettat i as-tt-yettakken tikwal. Deg udlis-agi-ines, inced-aɣ Todorov ad nwali annect-a deg yimeḥbas i d-tsellek tsekla seg tmettant neɣ seg tselbi; simmal qqaren simmal tettaẓ taggara n twaɣit. Tasekla ? ha-tt-an deg unamek-ines. Akka i tt-iwala Todorov. Ma ur newwit ad nefhem ayen i d-aɣ-teqqar, ma ur nefhim inumak-ines, d nekni ara tt-yegren di twaɣit. Ɣef waya ur ilaq ara ad tili tɣuri taseklant, d aslaḍ neɣ d aselmed, d asnas (application) n yimeḍranen (concepts) n yimusnawen n tesnilest neɣ n yimaẓrayen n tsekla, issefk ad tessaweḍ ad tesekcem ameɣri ɣer yinumak n yiḍrisen (sb. 85). Acku « taɣuri n tsekla d taɣuri deg umdan, d taɣuri deg wassaɣen-ines d yiman-is d ddunit akk d wiyiḍ » (sb. 85). Amek ara nessaweḍ ɣer wannect-a ? Anta-ten tarrayin i iwulmen ? Tiririt n Todorov : tarrayin akk wulment, awi-d kan ad ilin d allal mačči d iswi. Tin yernan ɣer-s, ur ttemgaradent ara tarrayin, di tilawt, ta trennu azal i tayeḍ.  Iswi n uzɣan aseklan d aslaḍ, d asefhem n unamek imeslen deg timiga tiseklanin (œuvres littéraires).

I ɣer-nneɣ amek i tga temsalt-a n uselmed d uzɣan n tsekla-nneɣ ?

Ta d taqsit nniḍen. Yiwen wass ad tt-id-neḥku akken i tt-nwala… ma nufa neɣ nestufa.

Muḥend Akli Salḥi

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