Mačči d zzux i yi-d-yewwin ɣer usentel-agi. Imi d iseggasen ayagi qqareɣ tawsit-agi n tesrit, bɣiɣ kan ad d-fkeɣ tamuɣli-inu ɣef tullist s teqbaylit, rnu ar ass-a, ala di tneggarut i tefṛuṛex ugar n tantaliwin nniḍen. Sya ar d-awiɣ awal ɣef weswir n tewsit-agi n tesrit ass-a, aseqsi-inu : Amek almi ur tuɣ ara « si zik » tsekla tasrit, ungal d tullist, deg wegdud d tmurt i d-yefkan tasekla timawit n tmucuha d tedyanin n tilawt d usugen? Rnu ɣer-sent, i d-yefkan Afulay n Mdawṛuc, amenzu i yuran s talɣa n wungal tidyanin n « Weɣyul n wureɣ » di tmiḍi tis-2 sdat-Ɛ.

 Ilel Agrakal d inigi, agdud amaziɣ yettekki deg wesnerni n tmussni d uzuzer-is, iger deg usnulfu d tussna, yeṭṭef amkan-is sdat yimennuɣen, yeǧǧa-d ismawen n yigelliden d tmizar,… Yugem yal tallit d yezreɛ yal tamurt iɣer wwḍen yiḍarren-is. Ma nesnetqed kan deg yimawalen n tmeslayin, ad naf aṭas n wawalen i necrek d yegduden yezzin Tefriqt n ugafa ; di tsekla, aṭas n yeḍrisen i tettu talsa anwa agdud i ten-yugmen ɣef wayeḍ. Cwi kan tella tira n bab-is : am Ugestin, Aṛnub, Tirans, Yuba wis-II, Afulay, Ajeṛṛum, Uxeldun, Ulqaḍi d wid/tid n tallit-nneɣ ǧǧan-d swayes ara ten-id-yettader umezruy. Tugett uran… s tmeslayt mačči nsen akken ad ddun d tallit-nsen, akken ad d-ifriren ger yegduden. Uran ɣef wegdud-nsen, am wakk-nni uran yiwaḍ fell-asen.

Ulamma Afulay yerẓa asalu ɣer tsekla tasrit « ungal », imi weqbel-is d talɣa n umezgun d temdyazt d tenfusin i llan, amezruy n Yimaziɣen ur d-yemli ara yella wi iḍefren tawsit-agi n tsekla, anagar tamedyazt d tmucuha s tɣariwin-nsent yegten. Apṛufiṣuṛ Kamal Buɛmaṛa yura-d « Armi d yiwet n tallit akk-en, ala isefra ay ttarun medden s teqbaylit. Deg way-en yerzan tasrit, di tegti akked tsekla, di tdersi, ma nekkes Belɛid At Ɛli i yuran kra yeḍrisen deg yiseggasen n 1940 (ammud i d-yeffɣen deg 1963 deg FDB), ur bdin ara Leqbayel ttarun iḍrisen n tsekla-tasrit armi d iseggasen n 1970 »[1]. Ula ger yeḍrisen i d-ḥawcen B. Bensidira (1887), A-S Bulifa (1904 ar 1913), imrabḍen iṛumiyen (anagar kra deg yittafttaren n Belɛid At Ɛli) neɣ « Isefra n teqbaylit iqburen » n dda Lmulud (1980) ur ufiɣ ara tasrit-agi ; tugett deg-sen d tidyanin neɣ d timucuha d tmedyazt. Ur ɣriɣ ara deg-sen kra n usekti d usugen ara yawin ɣer talɣa n tullist s tmussni n wass-agi.

Ihi, seg wigi ɣer da, nnig takit i wazal i tesɛa tsekla-nsen, wid yeɣran ḍallen ɣef tsekla tamirant n yegduden nniḍen s talɣa n wungal d tullist. S usugdu n wedlis d unekcum deg tallit n taywalt d tira d tɣuri, agdud amaziɣ, am yedguden nniḍen, yekcem annar n tsekla tumrist : tibṛatin, tisiriyin, asegzi n tsekla d wezɣan,… Di tsekla-nneɣ s umata, seg yiseggasen n xemsin ɣer da, Amaziɣ yelmed d yessemres tira n wungal d tullist s tmeslayin yuzzlen. Tallit n umnekcam aṛumi tewwi-d tira s tefṛansist, timmunent terna-d ɣer-s tira s taɛṛabt. D « iseggasen n sebɛin » i d-yessakin tira s teqbaylit, i yellin abrid i tira n tesrit s tcawit d tumẓabt.

S wawal wezzilen, « … tullist, medden akk zemren ad att-arun. Mačči imi wezzilet i teshel neɣ ur tesɛi ara azal am wungal. S cwiṭ n ulemmem d wesniger ɣer tira, s tiẓidirt[2] d tayri n tira, zemrent tullisin ad d-lalent, ad lhunt, ad ɛeǧbent am wungalen »1. Amaḍal n tsekla yefka i tewsit-agi n tesrit isem « tullist » si tmiḍiwin tilemmasin ɣer dagi. Tessaɣ-d i Turuft s tɣariwin timaynutin di tmiḍi tis-19, ladɣa timura am Rrus, Ṭṭalyan, Legliz d Fṛansa. Tullist teṭṭef tasga n tsekla ger tedyant d tsektit : deg-s tilawt, deg-s asugen d wesnulfu. Ar ass-agi, talɣa n tullist tettkuffut, tettnerni, tettaẓ deg umaḍal n tsekla, tettbeddil udem d wallalen, ur tessaweḍ ara ad tesserked timussniwin n tira-s, ahat ɣef wannect-agi i tent-kuẓen kra n yemyura. Ay-agi ad iyi-yawi ad d-iniɣ belli, di tilawt, lebɣi ɣer tira d yedles i yiman-nsen ur d-yettagem ara i bab-is ka n tɣara n weḍris. Ala asniger ɣer tɣuri n yeḍrisen yettwarun, almad n tmussniwin, asemres n tesrit di tira, ameyyez di tmuɣliwin n yimussnawen d yimeɣriyen i yesnernayen aswir n tsekla. Win tezgel ka n tfukelt neɣ allal n ugerrez, yezgel agerrez tirmit-is, akk-agi ula di tsekla d uẓawan d tussna…

Annect-agi ad iyi-yawi ad d-mmeslaweɣ ɣef temsizzelt n tullist Belɛid At Ɛli n Tesbeddit Tiregwa, ara snemmreɣ ɣef uḍilli-inu ɣer tullisin n temsizzelt. D iseggasen ayagi, ṭṭafareɣ igmaḍ n temsizzelt-agi d wanida wwḍen weswir d tɣara n tullist yuran. Ttemgiriden seg useggas ɣer wayeḍ. Yal taẓrigt s yimekkiyen-is, s yisental iɣef ttarun, s tegnatin i ddren, s tmussniwin-nsen d, tirmit d wesniger-nsen ɣer temliliyin n tsekla. Ssarmeɣ ad gtent tezrawin ara iḍefren tawsit-agi d yemyura akken ad tban tiddi(yin) di tira n tullist.

Tazwara, tewwi-d ɣef yimekkiyen n temsizzliyin n tullist ad issinen amgired ger tullist d tenfust d tedyant d tsektit neɣ tafelsaft. Tezmer tullist ad d-tagem cwiṭ cwiṭ si tneggura-agi, d acu kan ur tezmir ara ad tili d yiwet deg-sent. Ulamma ttekkin akk di tesrit, yal « tadduwsit » n tesrit s tulmisin-is. Yal tawsit s temṣukt-is d tkukal-is. Ihi, yal taẓrigt n temsizzelt ttillint tullisin yufraren, imyura-nsent ttawin arrazen, azgen deg-sent d tilemmasin. Mačči d acemmet neɣ d tuzzma deg wid d tid yettarun, mačči d taruẓi n yifadden : di tsekla s umata, uriɣ-d iwsawen-agi, « talɣa n tullist tettkuffut,… ur tessaweḍ ara ad tesserked timussniwin n tira-s ». D tamuɣli-inu ɣef tilawt n weswir n tullisin i ɣriɣ ; ur d-ttmeslayeɣ ara dagi ɣef yisental d tektiwin s timmad-nsen, yal amyaru d ilelli deg wefran-nsen.

Tullisin-agi, mgaradent ssebbat acimi d tilemmasin. Yal tullist temmal aswir n bab-is : ger win d tin yeɛban asnay n tektiwin n tedyanin di tullist d uqeṭṭeb-nsent, ger win d tin yessemrasen tajeṛṛumt d tseddast, ger wid d tid yeɣran aṭas neɣ drus n tullisin d wesnetqed-nsent, ger wid d tid yessnen tifukal n tsekla tasrit, ger wid d tid yettnadin anamek aseddad i wawal iwulmen tikti ara d-yaru,… Lebɣi ɣer tira d taseddaṛt kan tamenzut, yessasay-d kan aḍilli… Yal tafukelt di tira tla alugen i tt-yeṭṭafaren.

Kra n yimedyaten, walaɣ tlaq i kra yemyura tmussni n wemgared deg unamek ger « ggal », « ggal s », « ggal ɣef/fell- » d « ggal deg/di » ; yella ula ger « sked », « wali », « xẓer », « muqel », « ṛmeq », « ger tamawt », « ani »,… Analas, ma ur yettekki ara di tedyant, ur ilaq ara ad yessemres deg wawal-is tazelɣa n tnila « -d » neɣ « -n », neɣ xeṛṣum ad yili usatel ara tent-iḥettmen. Mmugreɣ-d taluft n usiken n tenfalit si tmeslayt tabeṛṛanit (le calque linguistique), am « yal akud », « deg yiwen waddad / yettemɣumbas waddad n tegnewt / deg yir addad », « assaɣ n uḥettem », « tugett n tikwal »,… Walaɣ tlaq daɣ tegzi deg useḍfer n tektiwin ara tent-yessiwḍen ɣer yimeɣri. Am wakk-nni i walaɣ laqen beṭṭu d tiseddaṛin, asedwel ger wawal n unalas d win n yiwudam s tneddicin n tira (aggazen) ara yesberzen tiktiwin… Ɣriɣ yiwet n tseddaṛt deg yiwet tullist, teffel akin i xemsin wawalen, ala aggaz-nni n taggara swayes tfukk.

Di tlata teẓrigin tineggura n Tesbeddit Tiregwa, tamawt-agi i yal tamyarut i yiman-is, llant tezmilin yewwḍen ar 4-4,5 ɣef 5 tneqqiḍin di kra tuqqniwin. Ama tufrar tɣara n tmeslayt, ama tufrar tjeṛṛumt, ama ufraren useḍfer d tektiwin, ama tufrar tnekda,… annect-agi igerrez, d acu kan, ttilint tuccḍiwin di tuqqniwin nniḍen. Sḥassfeɣ ur iyi-d-wwiḍen ara yegmaḍ n temsizzelt n tullist n Tidukkla tadelsant Adrar-n-fad, tili ad geɣ aserwes gar-asen.

Ugaɣ tullist-nneɣ, am wungal d tẓuriwin akk, tettqirri-d s tulmisin n wemyaru d tsuta d twennaḍt taseklant-nsen. Tigi d tisufaɣ n unadi d uḥettec. Yal yiwen d yiwet ssnen tizemmar-nsen di tira, zemren ad walin ula lexṣaṣ-nsen. Ass n wass-agi, win d tin yebɣan ad lemden, llan yiselmaden d tselmadin n tsekliwin d tmeslayin, llant tvidyutin s temsirin, llan yemyura d yedlisen-nsen, llant tesgilin ɣef tsekla, yella wantirnat,… tella daɣen tigzi tumḍint : tagi tettaf-d tiririyin anida bɣunt ilint !

Akken ad tifrir tullist, ilaq ɣef yemyura-nneɣ ad ffɣen si tjeṛṛumt « taddayt » : isem d wemyag, imerna d tzelɣiwin. Ad kecmen di twuriwin n wawalen s timmad-nsen d tseddast i d-ssasayent tefyirt taḥerfit d tefyirt tuddist. Tiktiwin n tullist ḥwaǧent tigzi deg useḍfer d tneddicin n tira, izamulen n uqeṭṭeb n weḍris, akken ad berzent, akken ad meslent anamek, akken ad ssegzint tiktiwin win yuran i yimeɣri. Ur ilaq ara ad ttun yemyura-nneɣ : imeɣri yeslalay deg yiman-is tumert n tɣuri. Tagi ssasayent-tt-id tektiwin iberzen d tɣara n tnekda n weḍris : azwel, tama tayeffust, tama tazelmaḍt, tiseddaṛin berzent, adiwenni yebrez, awal n unalas yebrez,…

Imyura-nneɣ ḥwaǧen tineɣriyin n usileɣ n tfukal n tira, tussna n tira, mačči kan tinemsalin n tsekla. Tifukal-agi n tsekla ttaken anzi ɣer snitra : yal inziz s tezmilt-is d wanya ara yernu i yenziz nniḍen. Akken ad tgerrez tizlitt, tewwi-d ad mqadwan, ad mseḍfaren, ad mgaraden, ad myallen.

Nnaser Uqemmum

[1] Tazwart n “Tisurifin ɣer tira n tullist”, tiẓrigin Tamagit 2020).
[2] Tiẓidirt: ṣṣbeṛ (Habib-Allah Mansouri, “Inventaire des néologismes amazighs”).
[3] Introduction in “Tisurifin ɣer tira n tullist”, tiẓrigin Tamagit 2020).

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