Tiṭ d yilleḍ ayen i d-qqarent tewriqin | Amur Sin – 2/2

Deg wungal-a, ad naf iḍrisen-a qqnen ɣer taɣulin-niḍen ama d tabsikulujit, d tafelsafit, tussna n tmetti… Aḍris/ iḍrisen yellan deg-s, qqnen cebken s yiwet n ccbaḥa d tamxalleft. Acbak-is yessaweḍ yeǧǧa-yi steqsayeɣ, amek acbak-agi ur as-yesseɛreq ara iberdan I umeskar? Ur d-yexliq ara xersum yiwen n yiɣisi deg tsiwelt-is. Acbak-nni, mačči d acbak n wassaɣen yellan gar yiwudam kan akked yineḍruyen akken nuɣ tannumi deg wungalen-niḍen meɛna d acbak deg ukcam d tuffɣa seg usentel ɣer wayeḍ, seg tewriqt ɣer tayeḍ, seg tikti ɣer tayeḍ amzun akken d tiregwa (aṭas n tregwa) yettawin akk ɣer yiwet n temda. Ad d-naf daɣen asfari asentalan (progression thematique) d wamek ibennu umeskar tiktiwin-is.

Tatrarit deg wungal-a;

• Lebni n tsiwelt akked tiknikt, cebbaɣ-tt kra ɣer lebni n wungal Gar igenni d tmurt n Dihya Lwiz, meεna nettat tbennu-d tasiwelt-is seg tɣuri n tebratin i as-d-yettceyyiε yiwen n uwadem (Yuba), Yuba-ya, yettales-as-d deg tebratin-is taḥkayt n setti-s Zehra. Deg yal tikkelt ad as-d-iceyyeε tabrat ad as-d-yeḥku kra seg tudert n setti-s, nettat ad tt-id-tsers akken tella. Akken dima tettraju tabrat-niḍen ara as-d-yernu bac ad tkemmel i wungal almi yekfa s tebrat taneggarut (anda i as-d-yules ɣef yiman-is yakkan; meḥsub ungal n Dihya Lwiz yebna s tebratin-nni, nezmer ad nkenni tatiknikt-a ɣer tlajuṛin–tibrati-nni d tilajurin, ma yella d ullis yettilin gar tebrat d tayeḍ, d ssiman almi tessuli uɣrab n teḥkayt-is).
  Ma deg wungal Tiṭ d yilleḍ ayen i d-qqarent tewriqin, ad naf ameskar yejmeε-d akk tizmamin d tewriqin i as-d-tuwi Ṭawes, yeqqar-d seg-sent; tikkelt seg tewraɣin, tikkelt si tqahwiyin, tikkelt seg tid ixerbubcen, tikkelt si tid icerrgen… Amzun akken tiwriqin-nni d iceqfan n tecbaylit yemmerẓen. Ameskar, yetteεraḍ ad tent-yesdakkel, ma yella d azɣan-nni i as-yesseḍfar, iga am llesqa swayes d-ittelsaq iceqfan-nni akken ɣer taggara ad as-yefk udem i tecbaylit-nni neɣ I teḥkayt-nni.
• Asfari asental (la progression thématique) d wamek iẓeṭṭ umaskar gar tefyar, tiseddarin d tikta i yellan deg wungal-a, ur yeεdil ara akked wungalen i nennum neqqar yakkan; anda d ineḍruyen i yugten. Deg wungal-a, qlil mliḥ ad d-nemyiger akked uneḍru neɣ isallen usriden ɣef yiwudam abeεda deg tazwara (D amedya iwakken ad d-naf d acu i yuḍen umuḍin-nni; ilaq ad nɣer alma d asebter  52, i wakken ad d-tawḍeḍ ɣer wanda i d-ittserriḥ umeskar i yineḍruyen, ilaq ad nɣer teḥkayt-nni xersum alma d asebter 100 d tasawent. [Ahat d anect-a i yeǧǧan aɣanib-is ẓẓay kra ma nesserwes-it ɣer uɣanib n wungalen-niḍen yeččuren d ineḍruyen]. Taẓayt n uɣanib-nni, ahat ur tettaǧǧa ara imeɣri ad t-iɣer ɣef tikkelt/ ilaq ad as-yefk aṭas n lweqt. Tamawt; taẓayt-a, trennu-yas ugar n ccbaḥa.

Da ad aɣ-d-yas yiwen n usteqsi: Ihi imi ulac ineḍruyen, amek i d-ibna umeskar iḍrisen-is? Amek i yesnerna tiktiwin-is? Amek i neẓra tiḥkayin n yiwudam akk yellan dinna? Lebni n uḍris, yella-d s uwennet, s usenqed, s uglam n unεettab nεettaben yiwudam-nni, s tesleḍt n kra n tiktiwin s telqayt… Sya ɣer da ad aɣ-d-yefk umeskar aneḍru neɣ sin, ad yuɣal alma d azɣan neɣ d taɣuri n tewriqin-nni daɣen, akka i yettali uẓeṭṭa n tiktiwin almi d-yeffeɣ wudem aneggaru n wungal-a.

• Tatiknikt n ucbak n uwadem akked umeskar: (Meḥsub d anwa i d awadem deg tsiwelt-a? D anwa i d ameskar?).

Ṭawes d tameskart (tettaru-d iḍrisen) meεna ula d nettat d awadem n umuḍin (yettaru-d fell-as).

Amuḍin d awadem n winna d-ijemεen iḍrisen-nni, ula d winna i d-ijemεen iḍrisen-nni d awadem acku ula d netta yesdukkel-d tiḥkayin n yiwudam-nni, yerna  yura-d taḥkayt-is.

Win ara yeɣren aḍris-nni , ula d netta ad yuɣal d awadem iɣef ur yebni ara umeskar imi ad yekcem deg teḥkayt-nni ad yidir d yiwudam-nni.

Akken daɣ ara naf Amuḍin yura ungal isemma-yas : Anyaten yessaggaden deg wungal-nni, yessexdem awadem d  Σebdu Al-Ilah; axwanǧi-nni t-ittɛassan di sbiṭar, ihi Ɛebd Al-Ilah d awadem n Umuḍin-nni, akken daɣen d awadem n winna d-ijemɛen iḍrisen-nni.

Tatiknikt-a, nezmer ad tt-naf deg wungal Madrus n Murad Irnaten; imi Madrus d amaru-awadem, asmi t-yeǧǧa lkar deg tneẓruft, yufa-d iman-is yeḥsel yetteɛraḍ ad d-yessukkes iman-is si laẓ d fad-nni akked lmut; dinna ula d Madrus yuɣal d awadem I yettɛettib ḥedd n yimyura. [Sb. 64, seg kra n tsura I tɣuri n tsekla; ɣef tsekla d tɣuri].

Tura lferq yellan gar wungal Tiṭ d yilleḍ ayen i d-qqarent tewriqin akked  Madrus, Deg Madrus ur teddis ara mliḥ tiknikt-a ma ɣer Salḥi mačči kan d tuddsa i teddes, terna ula d acbak. Ma nemmuqel daɣ ssenf n umeskar i yellan deg Tiṭ d yilleḍ ayen i d-qqarent tewriqin, ad naf ameskar tikkwal yettili d aniri tikkwal d agensay, u yal tikkelt aniwi imeqqimen ara yessexdem.
MD. : Ma d taɣect n umuḍin i d-yettalsen, ad t-naf yessexdem amqim “nekk” ticki d-yettmeslay ɣef yiman-is, “nekkni” ticki d-tettmeslay fell-as akked Ṭawes “nutni” mi ara d-yettmeslay ɣef tmetti neɣ ɣef wid irefden ccnawi n yigenni… ssenf n unallas yettbeddi yal mi ara tbeddel taɣect n umeskar-awadem.

• Tatrarit deg yisental;

• Lɣerba, meεna mačči d lɣerba-ni iɣef cennun zik yicennayen am Sliman Ɛazem, tagi d lɣerba n yiman (asma ara yili yiwen d aɣrib gar wid yessen, ur yettiki ɣur-sen, ur ttikkin ɣur-s) am lɣerba n umuḍin ɣef tmetti-s/ lɣerba n ṭṭbib daɣen ɣef tmetti-s t-inekṛen; imi ula d isem ur t-yesεi ara gar-asen (sawalen-as mmi-s n tɣalaḍt) , lɣerba n yemma-s n ṭṭbib ur nessaweḍ ara ad tkemmel tudert-is di tmetti-ni (tenɣa iman-is). Lɣerba n Ṭawes ɣef twacult n umuḍin i tt-yettwalin d yir tameṭṭut, lɣerba n Ɛebd Al-ilah, ur nettidir ara deg tmetti yeddan akken yebɣa netta (s ttexmam-nni axwanǧi). Lɣerba n waṭas n yimdanen i itteddun s yilugan n tmetti d leεwayed ur nelli ara deg-sen.
• Tira ɣef usentel n tẓuri, (d asentel universel) xas ulamma mačči d atrar ɣer tsekla taqbaylit imi d asentel yellan yakkan deg wungal « Asebbaɣ » n Ḥusin Luni (d acu deg wungal Asebbaɣ ad naf asentel yezzi ugar ɣef wazal i tesεa teklut deg tmetti-nneɣ. Ma yella deg wungal n mass Salḥi ad naf asexdem n tẓuri, yessexdem-it akken ad ikenni anεettab yenεettab ṭṭbib-nni ɣer tfelwit-nni n Edward Munc/ ikenna daɣ tamuɣli n yemma-s n ṭṭbib-nni asma ara as-d-tas di tirga ar tmuɣli n tmeṭṭut-nni yellan deg tfelwit n Muḥemmed Isyaxem; d snat n tfelwiyin i d-yessenfalayen telqay n leqriḥ n ṭṭbib meεna s teklut; am wakken ameskar ur t-kfin ara wawalen yellan deg umawal n teqbaylit akken ad d-yessenfali leqriḥ-nni, iruḥ yeqqen-it ɣer teklut, akken ad t-isseǧhed ugar neɣ akken ad d-yini belli taklut akked tsekla d sin n wudmawen yeddukkulen. Ayagi ad t-naf deg yixf (Tira d teklut d tikniwin; Sb. 141), deg-s ad naf tasleḍt/ taɣuri d uglam n tfelwiyin-nni s wudem aseklan.

Ad naf daɣen deg yiwen n usebter yeglem-d tiɣmi tawraɣt yesserwes-itt ɣer tqehwit imi amuḍin yettaru kan deg tezmamt tawraɣt (d asegzi ayɣer a amuḍin ur yezmir ara ad yaru deg tezmamt taqehwit, meεna yettaru kan deg tezmamt tawraɣt).

• Tira ɣef usentel n Rrebrab,

Yura-d yakkan fell-as Salem Zinya deg Yiɣil d Wefru llan wiyaḍ am Ṭaher Uld Ɛmer deg wungal Bururu akked Lyes Belεidi deg Yezger asaka [ahat mazal wiyaḍ] meεna deg Tiṭ d yilleḍ ayen i d-qqarent tewriqin, ad naf yemmeslay-d ɣef yirebraben ineqqen allaɣen/ imdanen yeɣran; akken ad meḍlen tiktiwin-nsen ad rnun ad srehben wiyaḍ ur ṭṭafaren ara abrid-nsen imi d amaru i d-yessakayen imdanen (amaru dagi d amuḍin; imi yura yakkan ungal isemma-as : « Anyaten yessaggaden » ɣef waya i bɣan ad kksen iziɣer-is.

• Asentel n tuzzuft,

Aṭas i yettarun fell-as meεna uwet εeddi anagar kan kra i yessilqiyen deg-s imi d-netturebba deg tmetti-nneɣ s lkumplaks n usenfali n ssenf-a n tektiwin neɣ n yiḥulfan,  maca ameskar n wungal-a, yeglem-d assaɣen yellan gar umuḍin akked Ṭawes (tameddakkelt-is) s telqay, rnu d assaɣ yellan εinani, sdat n yimawlan n umuḍin d wid akk d-ittassen ad t-ẓren. Imi ugin anect-nni, tessegza-yasen Ṭawes belli ula d tafekka tesɛa takatut, meḥsub tezmer yes-s ad t-tɛiwen akken ad d-yuɣal ɣer yiman-is.

• Ameslay ɣef usentel n yiḥḍaḍ (mmi-s n tɣalaḍt akken i as-tettsemmi tmetti) d uḍad yeṭṭafaren imdanen alma yessaweḍ umdan ad ineɣ iman-is.
• Lǧehd n uglam yessexdem;

Ama d aglam n leqriḥ (n tfekka neɣ n yiḥulfan) ad t-naf d aglam lqayen mliḥ. Ad naf daɣen aglam lqayen i waṭas n tiktiwin nettidir di tmetti d uglam n wadeg, aglam n tfekka n Ṭawes (akenni-s ɣer usefru, yesεan tiseddarin d yifyar ; Sb. 122-123)

• Ttexmam yemxallafen ɣef wamek d-ttawin kra n wungalen kra n yisental d wamek ten-id-yuwi wungal-a; imi deg wungalen n teqbaylit nettaf asḥissef ɣef leεwayed iruḥen, acekker n wansayen, asexdem n yinzan d zzux s tjaddit, … Deg wungal-a, ad naf azɣan d tyiti deg wansayen d leεwayed / asenqed n yinzan d tjaddit-nneɣ… 
• Tuqqna n uḍris-a aseklan ɣer taɣulin-niḍen
• Tusnawalt (lexicologie) d tseknawalt (lexicographie); yemmeslay-d ɣef wawalen iruḥen d wid d-ikeččmen ɣer tmeslayt-nneɣ); awalen-nni gellun-d yid-sen ula s yidles aberrani i yettuɣalen d tannumi n tmetti alma yuɣal d winna i d idles-is ur yezmir yiwen ad t-ixalef. MD n wawalen-a, ad t-naf deg usebter 148 : abeddel n tafrara s lefjer/ azal s ṭṭhur/ tawenza s lmektub…
• Tafelsafit  (ama ɣef tutlayt d ttexmam n umdan/ ɣef wassaɣ n umdan d tmetti-s/ ɣef tfelsafit n ddin d lferq n liman gar umdan d wayeḍ (yiwen yettamen s uṛebbit si ttamnen akk wiyaḍ; wayeḍ yeḍfer aṛebbit n yiman-is [wagi kkseɣ-t-id s usenned ɣer tɣuri I texdem Lynda Taḥaddiwt I wungal-a]
• Taẓuri (imi I d-yuwi ɣef snat n tfelwiyin yettwassnen ama d tin n Edward Munc neɣ tin n Muḥemmed Isyaxem.
• Tasimyulujit (semiologie) i ixeddmen tazrawt i yizamulen; aṭas n wawalen i yeqqnen ɣer uzamul, amedya n tiṭ d azamul n ccbaḥa d tmuɣli/ illeḍ d azamul n ucemmet akked uqerreɛ n tmuɣli.
• Tussna n tmetti (ayen yeqqnen ɣer wassaɣen n tmetti d yimdanen yettidiren deg-s)
• Tazɣanmettit (La sociocritique) (timetti n umaru daxel n uḍris-a aseklan akked yixemmimen-is yemxallafen ɣef wid n tmetti n medden-niḍen)
• Tabsikulujit (imi ixeddem tasleḍt I tnefsit n yiwudam).

Ungal tiṭ d yilleḍ ayen i d-qqarent tewriqin, d yiwen gar wungalen i yessulin aswir n tsekla taqbaylit ɣer tqacuct ar yidis n waṭas n wungalen-niḍen. D ungal i d-yuwin amaynut d tetrarit ɣef waṭas n yiswiren;  ama ɣef uswir n tektiwin, taɣuri d usenqed, ama ɣef uswir n tiɣunba d ccbaḥa taseklant imi d anesbaɣur mliḥ deg wayen yerzan akk lesnaf n tugniwin n uɣanib; ama d tid yeqqnen ɣer talɣa, anya d ṣṣda neɣ tid yeqqnen ɣer unamek.

Deg wungal-a, ad naf iḍrisen-a qqnen ɣer taɣulin-niḍen ama d tabsikulujit, d tafelsafit, tussna n tmetti… Aḍris/ iḍrisen yellan deg-s, qqnen cebken s yiwet n ccbaḥa d tamxalleft. Acbak-is yessaweḍ yeǧǧa-yi steqsayeɣ, amek acbak-agi ur as-yesseɛreq ara iberdan I umeskar? Ur d-yexliq ara xersum yiwen n yiɣisi deg tsiwelt-is. Acbak-nni, mačči d acbak n wassaɣen yellan gar yiwudam kan akked yineḍruyen akken nuɣ tannumi deg wungalen-niḍen meɛna d acbak deg ukcam d tuffɣa seg usentel ɣer wayeḍ, seg tewriqt ɣer tayeḍ, seg tikti ɣer tayeḍ amzun akken d tiregwa (aṭas n tregwa) yettawin akk ɣer yiwet n temda. Ad d-naf daɣen asfari asentalan (progression thematique) d wamek ibennu umeskar tiktiwin-is.

D ungal amxalef. Daɣ deg wayen yerzan tatrarit, imi ur yeqqim ara kan deg tiknikin-nni timensayin I yettawin aḍris deg yiwen n ubrid n wullis, n tikta d yixemmimen, … Nekk ttwaliɣ-t yecbeḥ aṭas almi ahat ttwaliɣ ayen d-nniɣ fell-as drus imi lqay wayen yellan deg-s. Tagi d ciṭ kan seg tɣuri-w, ad d-necdeɣ imeɣriyen ad inigen ula d nutni ɣer ccbaḥa yellan deg yal asebter, ad as-gen daɣen taɣuri-nsen. Ad d-rnuɣ ɣef wawal-a, tukkist I d-yessenfalayen aḥulfu ttḥulfuɣ ɣer wungal-a. D tukkist I d-kkseɣ seg-s yakkan  “Adlis igerrzen, d adlis ara d-yettmeslayen fell-ak mebla ma icawer-ik ; d adlis ara ak-yeṭṭfen afus mi ara k-yawi ɣer wanida tettqeyyil terwiḥt-ik. D adlis ideg ara asen-tettalseḍ taɣuri i kra n yisebtar, mačči iwakken ad tfehmeḍ ayen yuran deg-sen: ad teqqareḍ deg-sen ad asen- tettɛawaded akken ad teddud di lebɣi i yiman-ik. D adlis ideg, mi tesɛeddayeḍ deg tewriqin , amzun d asmiri i d-tesmarayeḍ ccrab yelhan, ur tbeqquḍ ad tekfu tqerɛet , ur tettḥiriḍ ad yekfu udlis” . [Sb.89]

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