Remḍan Ɛebdenbi d amaru, yettwassen ugar d anallas (nouvelliste) ; yura kraḍ n wammuden n tullisin : Timsirin n Tudert akked tullisin nniden (Tira, 2010), Aqcic akked yiɣid (Anep, 2014), Tiwliwin n tfekka akked tullisin nniḍen (Imtidad, 2025). Yura diɣen sin n yidlisen d ammuden n yiḍrisen ɣef waṭas n yisental, yiwen deg-sen d asegrew n temkudiyin (chroniques) i d-yessedda di tɣamsa : Anagi (HCA 2008) ; wayeḍ d adlis : Tamusni Mačči d awal (Baghdadi, 2009). Ɣer tira-ines taseklant, ad nernu adlis-is Asnekwu n yidrisen deg wungal « Tawaghit n tayri » n Abdellah Hamane (Le Montagnard, 2017) ; wagi d tazrawt (étude).
Deg tdiwennit-agi, nuwi-d awal ɣef tira-s deg wammud-is aneggaru, Tiwliwin n tfekka akked tullisin nniḍen.
Tangalt : Tawliwin n tfekka d tullisin nniḍen, d adlis-ik amaynut ; d ammud wis tlala n tullisin. Nniqal tsemmaḍ i sin n wammuden imenza s yiwen n umenzay : tferneḍ azwel n yiwet n tullist, terriḍ-t d azwel i wammud, terniḍ-as « d tullisin nniḍen ». Tura tbeddleḍ. Wissen acuɣer i tbeddleḍ afran n yiwen n uḍris (n tullist) s uzwel ibedden ɣef usentel n tlata n tullisin timenza n wammud, ɣur-s terniḍ « d tullisin nniḍen » ? Tin yernan ɣer-s, nniɣ-as ahat tebɣiḍ ad tesḥesneḍ (focaliser) ddehn d tmuɣli n umeɣri ɣef usentel n tfekka ?
Ramḍan Ɛebdenbi : D tikkelt tamezwarut ara yi-d-yesteqsi umeɣri-amnadi ɣef yizwal n wammuden-iw ɣas akken qqaren-iyi-d tikkwal yimeddukkal, mi ara neskasi ɣef tira akked tsekla, d azwel i d tawwurt n udlis axaṭer yemmal abrid n tɣuri, yettwellih ɣer wayen yura umaru akked wayen yellan d uffir daxel-is. D tidet, ilaq azwel ad yili d ifeṭṭiwej ara d-yeslalen lebɣi n tɣuri, d tafat ara yesfeṛzen ayen i la t-id-yeṭṭafaren deg yisebtar n uḍris. Azwel d aḥric s wazal-is deg udlis ɣer tama n wayen yellan ɣef tduli ; tawlaft, amaru akked tmeddurt-is,agzul n uḍris neɣ tukkist seg-s. Gar cwiṭ d waṭas, tettban-d tekti tagejdant n uḍris seg uzwel-is.
Deg kra n taɣulin yerzan idles, yettili daɣen uzwel i usaru, i teklut… i temlilit neɣ i usarag, maca aya d aḥric-iḍen yeɛnan imawlan-is inaẓuren akked yimussnawen-isdawanen.
Ɣef waya ihi i la ferrneɣ azwel n yiwet seg tullisin iwakken ad yili d « lefnaṛ » ara iwellhen imeɣriyen ɣer tegzi n yizen i bɣiɣ ad asen-t-ssiwḍeɣimi tiyaḍ (tullisin-iḍen) d asefruri n tekti tagejdant yeqqnen ɣer tullist yefkan azwel-nni i wammud.
Seg tarmit-iw n tira, iban-iyi-d lexṣaṣ seg wammud n tullisin amezwaru : « Timsirin n tudert ». Azwel n udlis d win n tullist taneggarut i rriɣ d taggrayt i « tullisin-nniḍen », ur telli tezwart, ur yelli unekcum ara yernun kra n talɣut i yimeɣriyen iwakken ad ḍefren assaɣen yellan gar tullisin ; snat n tseddarin kan seg tezlit n Lounis Ait Menguellet « Ɣurwat » i rniɣ deg tazwara akked taggara n udlis. Ɣileɣ ad iqidd waya i tegzi, yerna akka i d taɣessa n wammuden n yimeddukkal-iw imura (deg wayen i ɣriɣ kan). Yeḍḥa-d mačči akken, yella wanda fsin yicuddan-nni ɣur kra n yimeɣriyen. Maca seg uskasi iban-iyi-d zeglen kra neɣ ahat d nekk i ur nessaweḍ ara izen akken iwata, ahat d talɣa i ur nwulem ara.
Llan wassaɣen gar tullisin am wakken llan daɣen gar yiḥricen n wungal. Gar cwiṭ d waṭas, yella wayen yeccerken tullisin, yeqqen-itent gar-asent iwakken ad yefṛez usentel, ad d-iban i yimeɣriyen seg tamiwin merra imi yal taḥkayt, s tigawin-is akked yineḍruyen-is, d aḥric i tegzi n usentel n wammud merra.
Babbeɣ « lexṣaṣ-a », steqsaɣ iman-iw : amek ara yaweḍ yizen iṣeḥḥan i yimeɣriyen ? D acu-tt talɣa iwulmen ? Ayen i d-gemreɣ seg uskasi giɣ-as amkan deg wammud n tullisin wis sin : « Aqcic akked yiɣid ». D azwel n tullist tamezwarut. Rniɣ aḍris-iḍen « Anekcum » deg umkan n tezwart neɣ n usissen, d asegzi n kra n tektiwin yuzzaren deg « tullisin-nniḍen ».Yal tullist yezwar-itt usefru neɣ taseddart seg tezlit n walbaɛḍ n yinaẓuren-nneɣ iwakken ad tsers imeɣriyen deg ubrid n tɣuri iṣeḥḥan. Amedya n tullist « Ddiɣ di nneqma i yiman-iw », tezwar-itt tseddart-a :
Zzrubat ḥerṣen tikti
Gan tilisa i tedmi
Iles yenneḍ deg yimi
Awal yeggumma ad d-yali
Tekres tyersi, d tikersi ur nfessi
D talɣa-ya i ḍefreɣ deg wammud n tullisin wis tlata : « Tawliwin n tfekka ». Rniɣ tlata n yiḍrisen ɣef tullisin n wammud : « Awal i yimeɣriyen » akked « Tasideft » di tazwara, « Taggrayt » tban di taggara n wammud, yerna zzewreɣ asefru i yal tullist, amzun d agzul. Deg wammud-a, tlata n tullisin timezwura yesdukkel-itent uzwel agejdan « Tawliwin n tfekka », yal yiwet deg-sent tesɛa azwel-is i yiman-is, amedya n tullist tmezwarut : « Tawla tamezwarut : Tafekka d m yiwetmen ». D ayen ur nelli di sin wammuden imezwura axaṭer heggaɣ-tent-id amzun d iḥricen n wungal ma ddukklent, ma rniɣ-asent daɣen tid ixuṣṣen iwakken ad yemmed wungal. Ma ur ddukklent ara (am wakka llant deg wammud), yal yiwet d tullist i yiman-is, s unamek-is, s talɣa-s, s tɣessa-s.
Tangalt : Uqbel ad nekcem deg temsalt-agi n usentel, bɣiɣ ad k-in-sutreɣ ad iyi-tesfehmeḍ acimi i tessuguteḍ deg tinawin i terriḍ deg wammud-inek aneggaru. Deg udlis-agi, semḥalleqen-d ddeqs yinawen i yiḍrisen n tullisin. Ur as-tenniḍ ara ahat ad tsugteḍ awelleh i umeɣri ? Ur ak-d-iban ara wannect-a amzun d aḥettem i tḥettmeḍ ɣef yimeɣriyen amek ara ɣren tullisin-ik ? « Awal i yimeɣriyen », « Tasideft », « Taggrayt », terniḍ ɣer-sen isefra. 16 n yisebtar, tawuri-nsen d asefhem, d awelleh (3 seg tullisin-inek, ur uwiḍent ara annect-a n yisebtar). Mačči aṭas ?
Mačči kan daya : terriḍ kra n tukkisin n yimedyazen yettwassnen (Ait Menguellet, Hadjira Oubachir d Lynda Koudache) d tibdar ɣef umnaṛ n tullisin. Terniḍ ɣef umnaṛ n yal tullist asefru (ɣef 6, sin n S. Chabi). Dagi inaw-agi (épigraphe neɣ exergue) d tamedyezt. Amek yeεni ?
Ramḍan Ɛebdenbi : Aṭas n yisteqsiyen i yellan deg usteqsi-ya wis sin, dacu kan, yesdukkel-iten usentel yerzan iḍrisen neɣ isefra i yettilin ɣef yijufaṛ n uḍris agejdan, deg wungalen neɣ deg tullisin, ama di tazwara ama di taggara, tikkwal deg yal aḥric n wungal neɣ deg yal tullist. Acuɣer ggten ? Acuɣer i mgaradent tewsatin-nsen ?
Ad bduɣ ihi tiririt s yiwet n tukkist seg wammud-iw n tullisin « Aqcic akked yiɣid ». Deg tullist « Gar ufḍis akked zzebra », mi la yettmeslay Yuba gar-as d yiman-is, yenna : « Ass-a… ur ttmettateɣ ara !… ». Snat n turdiwin ara d-yifriren, yezmer ad yefhem umeɣri turda ibanen am uzalladɣa deg tmetti-ya-nneɣ : ur yemmut ara Yuba axaṭer « ur as-teččur ara » neɣ « isellek-it-id Sidi Rebbi si tmettant »… Tlata n yimeddukkal i yeɣran ammud-a i yi-t-id-yennan mi neskasi ɣef usentel akked unamek n yiḍrisen.
Turda-nniḍen, d tin iɣef yebna unamek n tullist, mi d-yenna umsawal : « Tuli-t-id nnehta n tudert » ; axaṭer iwala tameddakkelt-is, yesla i ṣṣut-is, yeẓra anda ara tt-yaf ; d nettat i t-id-yessukksen seg yifassen n tmettant, d nettat i d-yeḥyan deg-s aẓar n tudert.
Am win ara yi-d-yewwten s ufḍis s aqerru ! Nniɣ,imi tella tegzi-ya, waqila zegleɣ kra neɣ ur t-id-sfehmeɣ ara akken iwata lḥal iwakken ad yaweḍ unamek i as-fkiɣ i tedyant n Yuba ! Yerna zzewreɣ-as yiwet n tseddart seg tezlit n Matoub Lounès (ad t-id-bedreɣ ass-a, 25 seg waggur n yennayer 2026) : « Laẓ i tseffeḍ leqraya / Deg-neɣ iṛekkez yettekka / Imi lakul d aɣurru ».
Asemres n tebdar (citations) – n umeskar s timmad-is neɣ n yimeskaren-iḍen – mačči d amaynut, sqedcen-tent yakan yimura deg yiḍrisen-nsen iwakken ad sǧehden tigzi akked unamek n uḍris, ad as-gen llsas iṣeḥḥan ilmend n tɣuri iwatan ɣas akken ur sɛint ara (tibdar-a) assaɣ akked tsiwelt deg uḍris agejdan . Yessefk ad sḥerṣeɣ awal ɣef uferdis-a azneḍrisan (paratextuel), aḍris-a n tallelt, yetteddu am uḍris deg uḍris imi la d-yemmal imataren ɣef yinaw n umaru, yettwellih daɣen ɣer tama iseg yettwali umaru-ya tilawt.
Yella wawal akked unadi ɣef yiferdisen-a yecban iḍrisen isinawen (secondaires) axaṭer aɣbel akked tixxutert n tegzi ssawḍen imussnawen n tsekla yecban Gérard Genette ad arun ɣef waya deg yimagraden-nsen.
Deg kra n tukkisin-a, ad d-iban wazal n yiḍrisen-a isinawen akked tbadut i as-fkan kra n yisdawanen akked kra n yimnadiyen n tsekla. D iḍrisen yellan ɣef « yiri » n uḍris agejdan, iwakken ad isenned fell-asen (neɣ ɣer-sen) deg wayen yerzan tigzi n tektiwin akked uwelleh ɣer tedmi n umaru. Iḍrisen-a d aḥric seg yizneḍrisen, ɣur Gérard Genette, lan amkan ɣef yijufaṛ n uḍris agejdan , d amkan iwulmen i tigawt ɣef urmas n yimeɣriyen iwakken ad tefṛez tɣuri.
Di taggara, aɣbel-iw d wa : ilaq ad ssiwḍent tira-w izen-iw i umeɣri. Ɣef waya i rniɣ sin n yiḍrisen deg tazwara akked yiwen deg taggara,s wakka, ma llant tektiwin i zegleɣ neɣ ur tent-id-fsireɣ ara deg tullisin, ad d-banent ɣef yidisan-nsent deg yiḍrisen yecban « Awal i yimeɣriyen », « Tasideft » akked « Taggrayt ».
Ameɣri, ad yerr lwelha-s ɣer tuggti n yiḍrisen isinawen ; ddeqs i yellan, yal aḥric seg uḍris yezzwer-as umaru aḍris asinaw. D anagraw n tira yeḥwaǧen tazrawt iwakken ad d-iban yiswi-s akked twuri-s.
1- Awal i yimeɣriyen : d asegzi n uzwel n wammud : d acu-tent tawliwin-a ? Ansi i d-kkant ? D acu-ten wassaɣen i yeqqnen « tafekka » ɣer « umdan awtem » ?
2- Tasideft : d asegzi n wassaɣen i yellan gar « tfekka » akked tmetti ideg tettidir, iseg d-ttekkent tawliwin-a i d-slalen waṭṭanen inmettiyen s umata.
3- Taggrayt : d asteqsi amatu ɣef tezmert n umdan akked lebɣi-s iwakken ad ibeddel s ayen yelhan akked wayen i t-inefɛen di tudert-is s ubeddel n tektiwin akked tmuɣliwin ɣer tid yeṣfan, ifeṛzen, yemmalen abrid n tudert. Yettrus uḍris asinaw deg tazwara n udlis neɣ qbel ad yebdu uḥric seg-s. Mi ara yili deg taggara n udlis, tettbeddil twuri-s ; mačči d talɣut i d-yettak i tegzi, d agzul amatu n taggara.
Deg wayen yerzan tiwsatin, asemres n tmedyezt neɣ n tesrit ulac deg-s ugur imi iswi yiwen. Deg tazwara n udlis « Tawliwin n tfekka » serseɣ tiseddarin n yisefra n tlata n yimedyazen axaṭer isefra-ya mmalen-d, wellhen-d ɣer kra n tektiwin tigejdanin i yi-yerzan nekk s timmad-iw. Babbeɣ-tent, qebleɣ-tent, zuzzreɣ-tent i umeɣri iwakken ad iẓer d acu-yi, d acu i ttxemmimeɣ, s waya ara tefṛez tɣuri imi mačči i yiman-iw i la ttaruɣ.
Yiwet gar twuriyin i yettunefken i uḍris asinaw (secondaire) temmal-d lebɣi n umaru ad yeqqen isem-is ɣer yisem n bab neɣ lall n tebdert-nni war ma yessuter ttesriḥ, da, d Lounis Ait Menguellet, d Hadjira Oubachir akked Lynda Koudache.
Ugar n waya, asemres n tenfaliyin yecban « Cfiɣ amzun d iḍelli » n Idir deg uḍris neɣ deg tazwara n udlis yesɛa azal aseklan imi azwel weḥd-s kan, war ma yedda-d usefru, ad iwelleh ɣer wayen ara d-iḍefren dacu kan ilaq ameɣri si tama-s ad yili « yessen » aḥric ameqqran seg tsekla-s, seg tgemmi-s akked yidles-is ; mulac ad texṣer tɣuri. Aḍris asinaw d turart gar umaru akked umeɣri, d adeg n umtawa gar-asen : seg uzwel, ilaq ad d-yaf umeɣri-nni asefru i t-id-iḍefren, ilaq daɣen ad t-yefhem, ad d-yaf acuɣer yers deg umkan-nni.
Isefra yezwaren tullisin d igzulen-nsent, asentel yiwen dacu kan yella s tewzel deg usefru, s teɣzi deg uḍris. Ma d sin n yisefra n Dda Slimane Chabi, akkin i twuri-nsen tagejdant iɣef d-mmeslayeɣ yakan, d tajmilt, d asmekti n wayen yellan akked wayen d-nnan yinaẓuren akked yimedyazen, wellhen-aɣ ɣer-s« yimenza at Wawal », mi aɣ-d-yewweḍ d acu i nexdem yis-s ? D anbac n tkatut, d asekfel n wayen i nettu ahat ad t-id-nemmekti ad t-naru i wiyaḍ.
Akka i la ttwaliɣ azal n yiḍrisen isinawen i la yettrafaqen aḍris agejdan, ur ḥemmleɣ ara azuzzer neɣ asefruri n unamek, ur yenfiɛ la aḍris la tigzi. Ɣef waya ihi i ilaq ad fkeɣ kra n « tsura » iwulmen i umeɣri iwakken ad yili wassaɣ gar win yuran akked win yeɣran. D tidet, yella uḥric n umeskar : ur ilaq ara ad yezzleg umeɣri tiktiwin-is ! Yella daɣen uḥric n umeɣri : yezmer ad yefhem ayen-nniḍen ɣas d ayen ur nelli deg yinaw n umeskar, aya mačči d aḥettem n tektiwin neɣ d awelleh n tɣuri maca tlaq cwiṭ n truẓi n uqerru iwakken ad d-yuddum « wadif n tekti » n umeskar.
Tangalt : Deg 6 n yiḍrisen n udlis-ik, d amsawal agensan i d-iḥekkun taḥkayt, yella deg-s ; d awadem. Deg wawal-is, sumata, ur yeqqim ara kan di tsiwelt n yineḍruyen ; acḥal d abrid i d-yefka tamuɣli-s, tikwal di tazwara n tullist akkya. Nezmer ad nefhem ay-agi amzun d awelleh n umeɣri amek ara iɣer tullisin-inek. Si tama nniḍen, iga d amsawal inigi ɣef wayen yeḍran di teḥkayt i d-yeḥka. Deg waṭas n temsal, iwenniten-agi n umsawal yellan daxel n uḍris, smektayen-d inawen-nni i d-yeddan ama tazwara d taggara n udlis, ama ɣef umnaṛ n yal tullist.
Ramḍan Ɛebdenbi : Tikkelt-a ulac akk isteqsiyen, ula d yiwen n usteqsi ibanen ur yelli… axaṭer d uffiren, d agaz n tuttra kan i ten-ixuṣṣen, maca ḥwaǧen akk tiririyin ; yella ula d win yesɛan assaɣ akked tririt yezrin. « Asteqsi-ya » wis tlata yerza tasiwelt, amsawal d usiwel deg yiḍrisen n wammud n tullisin « Tawliwin n tfekka ». D asentel yesɛan tawuri akked wazal meqqren deg tira tiseklanin. D aḥric hrawen deg tsekla, aṭas n tezṛiyin (théories) i yellan fell-as, ddeqs i la d-yettnuflun iwakken ad d-sbanent tama iɣer imal unadi n yisdawanen, abrid ara aɣen yiferdisen-a n tsekla (tasiwelt, amsawal d usiwel), assaɣen yellan gar-asen akked umeɣri d tmetti ideg yettidir.
D anadi ur nḥebbes, yezger akkin i tezrawin iwakken ad yaweḍ ɣer tezririn (influences) n tsiwelt akked umsawal ɣef umeɣri, tiktiwin-is akked tedmi-s. Igmuḍen n unadi-ya nettaf-iten kan deg yigzulen n temliliyin tigraɣlanin, deg yidlisen (mi ara ten-naf) akked yimagraden yettilin deg Internet ; txuṣṣ-aɣ talɣut ara aɣ-yessiwḍen s aswir iss ara neḍfer « tikli-ya » tussnant, taseklant izerben deg usnulfu akked usumer n tifrat i « tlufa » yerzan tasekla.
Taswiɛt-a, d igmuḍen-a kan iɣef nettkel, iɣef nsenned, i la nessemras simi ara aɣ-d-tesnulfuḍ, kečč a Professeur, tiẓri neɣ snat – s tagi-nneɣ, ɣef wayla-nneɣ – deg uḥric-a n usiwel imi d ayen yellan yakan ɣur-neɣ, yefka aẓar deg tgemmi akked tsekla s tmucuha i d-nufa, ɣas akken, « nerna-d » ɣer tewsit-a tiwsatin-iḍen yebnan ɣef tsiwelt, d timaynutin, d tidet, maca qublen-tent yimura s uswir, s uɣanib, s tugniwin akked cbaḥa iwatan yerna s tutlayt-nneɣ.
Deg tehri n unnar-a ur nefrig, ur ilaq ara ad mgaraden yiferdisen iɣef yebna uḍris aseklan, yessefk ad tili teẓdawt (cohérence) gar-asen merra : afran n umsawal ara d-yalsen taḥkayt-is akked tin n wiyaḍ d yiwen seg-sen ; d aferdis s wazal-is i yettikkin deg tegzi, ilaq ad yili iwulem i talɣa n uḍris s tigawin-is akked yineḍruyen-is : ur yezmir ad iẓer kullec ma yella d anagi, d ayen i wumi yeḥḍer kan ara d-yales deg yizri. Ɣas d anagi kan, yesɛa tamuɣli, yesɛa rray ara yessiweḍ i umeɣri. Ur yezmir ara ad yeqqim kan d arawsan (neutre) deg kra n temsal xerṣum s tmenna war tigawt axaṭer tamuɣli-s ur tettbeddil ara ineḍruyen n teḥkayt : d talɣut kan i umeɣri iwakken ad iẓer anwa-t umsawal-a, amek i yettxemmim, d acu-tent tektiwin-is ahat ad mtawan deg rray ɣef kra n temsal yellan deg uḍris.
Amsawal-anagi ad d-yini ayen iwala, ayen i wumi yesla akked wayen i as-d-nnan yiwudam n teḥkayt. Am wakken daɣen ara yefk awal i wiyaḍ, tikkwal, iwakken ad d-alsen ula d nitni ayen i ten-yerzan, amzun yeǧǧa-yasen tasiwelt, la asen-yettḥessis mi ara heddren, ttuɣalen d imsawalen n tedyanin-nsen ladɣa mi ara d-ɣren aḍris (tabrat, awennit…) neɣ mi ara d-alsen i wayen umi slan deg rradyu neɣ deg tiliẓri… neɣ deg usekles.
Amsawal d anagi n kra n tedyanin n teḥkayin i d-yettales, yella dinna, yeḥḍer i tigawt. S wudem amezwaru i d-iḥekku mi ara yili wayen i la d-yeqqar yerza-t netta s timmad-is, tarmit-is, aktayen-is… tigawin-is ur ttikkint ara deg teḥkayt, yettwali, isel, yettales. Ma d udem wis tlata yettaǧǧa-t i wawal ɣef « wiyaḍ », d iwudam i terza temsalt iɣef d-yettmeslay.
Deg wayen yerzan ammud-iw « Tawliwin n tfekka », d wa i d abrid i ufiɣ iwulem i teḥkayin n tullisin, dɣa ḍefreɣ-t. D amsawal-anagi i iwulmen i talɣa-ya n yiḍrisen.
Ugar n talɣut (tamuɣli-is akked rray-is) i d-yettak netta s timmad-is, tella daɣen tin i d-yettekken sɣur yiwudam akked tin n yiḍrisen isinawen (secondaire / épigraphe & exergue).
D tidet, talɣut d talɣut ɣas mgaradent teɣbula-ines ; d awelleh kan ɣer tegzi. Talɣut i d-yettekken seg yiḍrisen yettilin ɣef yijufar n udlis neɣ n tullist temmal ayen yerzan asentel s umata, d iwellihen, d tigzi n tektiwin timatutin i d iswi. Ma d talɣut yerzan awadem (iwudam) yellan daxel n uḍris agejdan temmal ayen yerzan taḥkayt ; d aglam, d asegzi… d asteqsi neɣ d adiwenni, ilaq ad d-iban uwadem – s tektiwin-is akked ttexmam-is – yedda akked tigawin i la ixeddem ; ad d-uɣaleɣ alamma d taẓdawt-nni (cohérence) i ilaq ad tili deg uḍris. Ma d tamuɣli akked rray n umsawal ad d-sbanen amgarad yellan gar-as akked kra seg wayen i la d-qqaren kra n yiwudam.
Deg « Tawliwin n tfekka », s tlata n tukkisin-a ad d-iban umsawal yugi lbaṭel, yugi tamḥeqranit, yugi lekdeb am wakken ur yeqbil ara yir awal ɣef widen iḥemmel neɣ widen yessen :
1-« Yeɣli-d yigenni ɣer lqaɛa, yekker uɣebbar deg waluḍ… ɣef wulac, ɣur-i nekk d ulac, dinna i lliɣ, walaɣ, sliɣ, dacu kan ur d-nniɣ awal axaṭer ẓriɣ Ziza tezmer i yiman-is… » [Asb. 44 ]
2-« […] dacu kan yal tikkelt mi ara as-iniɣ tixxert i ustehzi d uskeɛrer ɣef tlawin, xḍu-yasen […] ur k-yettaɛǧab ara lḥal ma yella yir awal ɣef weltma-k neɣ ɣef yemma-k […] ad yuɣal wudem-is d azeggaɣ »[Asb. 54 ]
3-« Ẓriɣ asyax-a umi d-iserreḥ uɛessas n Ṭṭerḥa ur yesɛi ara llsas, ur qbileɣ ara ayen i d-yenna ɣef wayen i ssneɣ, ɣef widen i xulḍeɣ akked widen ukkud ddukkleɣ »[Asb. 79]
Tlata tukkisin-iḍen seg « tullisin-nniḍen », d isteqsiyen iss la d-yessebgan amgarad-ines, ayen ur yegzi akked wayen ur yessin :
1-« D lehlak ameqqran, lebɣi-ya i la d-yettlalen deg umdan iwakken ad iẓer d acu i la ixeddem wayeḍ ; ama d aberrani, ama d awexxam, ama d anarag… ama d ameddakkel. Wissen acuɣer i la yettnadi ad yissin lbaḍna n umdan-iḍen, ad t-iwali ula deg uxxam-is amek i la yettidir ? » [Asb. 89]
2-« Lebɣi amcum ! D acu i bɣiɣ ? Amek iga lebɣi-ya i yi-yessawḍen ad ẓẓleɣ, ad hedreɣ, iwakken ad ḥluɣ ? Seg wacu ? Hedreɣ i win ur iyi-d-nesli, ur iyi-nessin, amek armi qebleɣ tagi ? » [Asb. 120]
3-« D aḍris umi ḥulfaɣ axaṭer d ameddakkel-iw i t-id-yuran. Ɣileɣ ssneɣ-t, d ameddakkel, akken i d-nekker, akken i d-nemsaɛaf… yeḍḥa-d zegleɣ kra, iḥulfan, aktayen akked tkatut rzan kan bab-nsen. » [Asb. 132]
Tangalt : Ayen akka i d-tenniḍ ad aɣ-yawi ɣer uswir n usentel d temsalt n tewsit. Amsawal, deg tullisin-ik, ur yelli kan d taɣect yesselḥuyen ineḍruyen n teḥkayt (régiseur des événements), acku ila assaɣ meqqren d ugbur ɣef wacu i d-yessawal. Amsawal, yezga yettakk-d ṛṛay-is ɣef yisental (tafekka, lbaḍna d tlelli n uwgid, tudert tatrart, atg.). Ayen i d-tenniḍ ɣef tezḍawt n uḍris yella. Wagi d aswir. Llan yiswiren wiyeḍ ara d-yesneṭqen ameɣri. Zemreɣ ad bedreɣ amyekcem n yisental gar-asen. Ttbanent-iyi-d tullisin-ik zun akken, deg wayen i d-ttawint, ulac asentel yedduklen ɣef yiman-is am tullisin timensayin ; nekk, walaɣ, ma ur tezlig tɣuri-w, beddent ɣef temlilit n yisental, am wid i d-nniɣ yakan. Tin yernan ɣer-s, addud-agi n umsawal ɣef nemmeslay, zemreɣ ad d-iniɣ, si tama, fell-as i tres tayunt tasentalant (l’unité thématique), si tama tayeḍ, iga d tamatart ɣef umsami yelkan gar tira n tullisin-ik d tewsit n wungal. Tira-agi inek, ur teqqin ara kan ɣer tsiwelt n tigawin neɣ ɣer ubeddel n waddad n uwadem akken i tt-innum umeɣri deg tewsin n tullist ; tga diɣen azal (aṭas) i tedmi d tmuɣli n umsawal deg wayen i d-yessawal ɣef tikli n yiwudam. D ayen i as-yefkan, ɣur yiman-iw, tawuri tasnektant (fonction idéologique) ; yezmer ad yefhem umeɣri ay-agi, abeεda, deg yiwenniten n umsawal d wamek i as-ibedd i tsiwelt n yal taḥkayt. D acu ara tiniḍ ?
Ramḍan Ɛebdenbi : Ḥesbeɣ, ma ur ɣliḍeɣ ara, xemsa n yisental i yeḥwaǧen tiririt neɣ asegzi : gar usentel akked tewsit, amsawal yezzuzzuren rray-is, timlilit n yisental deg tullisin, amsami gar tullist akked wungal, di taggara, d tawuri tasnektant n umsawal. Yezmer lḥal ad ddukklen sin deg yiwen : isental akked umsami gar tullist akked wungal neɣ ayen yerzan amsawal gar rray-is neɣ tamuɣli-is akked tesnakta ! D isental s wazal-nsen ameqqran, d tizrawin s tagi-nneɣ i ḥwaǧen ugar n tririt taḥerfit yerzan amaru i ten-yessemrasen, dacu kan ad tili (tririt) s tewzel, d awelleh ɣer tektiwin tigejdanin iɣef senndeɣ iwakken ad d-ssegziɣ timsal-a iɣef bnant tullisin n wammud « Tawliwin n tfekka ».
Ɣur-i, yelha ma yefren umaru tawsit akked umsawal iwulmen i teḥkayt-is iwakken ur txerreb ara tmenna, ad yessiweḍ izen, ad t-yesseddu akken iwata lḥal. Yella wayen yeḥwaǧen tugna deg usaru am wakken yella daɣen wayen i wumi ilaq wawal ɣef usayes n umezgun…neɣ asefru, ayen-nniḍen s umata yettaweḍ ɣer umeɣri deg tsiwelt n yiḍrisen yecban ungal, tullist neɣ tamacahut.
Ma fkiɣ-d amedya n wungal « Tawkilt tamcumt » n umeddakkel-iw Rachid Tighilt, i wumi ara ssiwḍeɣ « Azulen iseklanen, iẓuranen », iban-iyi-d udiwenni-nni, gar umsawal akked tewkilt, yemgarad akked wiyaḍ (ulac ajerriḍ aɣezzfan…), akked wayen i ssneɣ, d tidet, deg uḍriswa yeqqar i wa, maca yiwen seg yiwudam-nni i la yettmeslayen d amadwan, ur d-yettban ur t-ttwalin yiwudam ur as-sellen anagar win « temlek » imi awadem-a d tawkilt, d unti ! Lemmer amsawal d tameṭṭut ahat aḥric seg wungal ur yettwafham ara imi yal awadem ad yettmeslay i wayeḍ s wudem wis sin unti, « kemm », dɣa ur ifeṛṛez ara umeɣri anta i d tamsawalt anta i d tawkilt ! Cwi yessemgared-iten umaru. Lemmer deg umezgun, adiwenni-ya ad yili gar uwadem yetteddun ɣef usayes akked « taɣect tuffirt » (voix off), d yiwen seg wallalen i ssemrasen deg tmezgunin.
Nniɣ-d yakan : « (Amsawal) ur yezmir ara ad yeqqim kan d arawsan deg kra n temsal xerṣum s tmenna war tigawt axaṭer tamuɣli-s ur tettbeddil ara ineḍruyen n teḥkayt : d talɣut kan i umeɣri iwakken ad iẓer anwa-t umsawal-a, amek i yettxemmim, d acu-tent tektiwin-is ahat ad mtawan deg rray ɣef kra n temsal yellan deg uḍris ».Tikkwal mi ara yaweḍ umsawal ɣer « talast n tmenna-s » – d ayen ur yeẓri, d ayen umi ur yeḥḍir neɣ d ayen ur yessin– ad d-yessenṭeq iwudam iwakken ad ssegzin ugar, ad d-rnun talɣut i wayen i la d-yeqqar, tasiwelt-nsen ad d-ternu cwiṭn umaynut i tmekrust n uḍris :« Am wakken daɣen ara yefk awal i wiyaḍ (iwudam-iḍen), tikkwal, iwakken ad d-alsen ula d nitni ayen i ten-yerzan, amzun yeǧǧa-yasen tasiwelt, la asen-yettḥessis mi ara heddren, ttuɣalen d imsawalen n tedyanin-nsen »… dɣa ad yuɣal uḍris amzun d taḥkayt deg teḥkayt, yal yiwet s umsawal-is.
Yelha mi ara yefṛez uxemmem n umsawal akked yiwudam axaṭer mačči d imeshanayen yettferriǧen deg yineḍruyern n teḥkayt yerzan timetti-nsen. Mi ara d-banent tektiwin-nsen, ad tishil tɣuri akked tegzi ladɣa ma temtawa tigawt akked tedmi n uwadem.
Ma fehmeɣ tikti-ya n umyekcem n yisental akked tullisin timensayin, ad d-iniɣ d tidet, deg tugget n wammuden i ɣriɣ (akked wayen iɣef cfiɣ), ur ufiɣ ara assaɣen gar-asent, yal yiwet deg-sent tesɛa asentel-is, taḥkayt-is, anamek-is, ula d anawen-is (tisekkiwin n yiḍrisen) mgaraden : yettifrir-d tikkwal uglam am wakken i d-yettifrir udiwenni… Wa, d rray n umaru, d netta kan ara ifernen abrid ara yaɣ iwakken ad d-yini.
Deg « Tawliwin n tfekka », tlata tullisin timezwura ccerkent azwel, asentel, amsawal-anagi akked kra n yiwudam.Tlata-nniḍen qqnent ɣer tmezwura deg wayen yerzan asentel agejdan « tafekka », dacu kan mgaradent teḥkayin, imukan… akked yiwudam. Aya yessahrew, yessebrareḥ timuɣliwin akked tamiwin n tɣuri ; akka ara ters tsarut n tegzi gar yifassen n umeɣri, ad iɣer, ad yefhem s telqey ayen i terza temsalt : « Ɣef waya ihi i la ferrneɣ azwel n yiwet seg tullisin iwakken ad yili d « lefnaṛ » ara iwellhen imeɣriyen ɣer tegzi n yizen i bɣiɣ ad asen-t-ssiwḍeɣ imi tiyaḍ (tullisin-iḍen) d asefruri n tekti tagejdant yeqqnen ɣer tullist yefkan azwel-nni i wammud ».
Tullisin mcubbakent, sɛant assaɣen gar-asent ; yal yiwet deg-sent temmal aḥric seg usentel agejdan, tettwehhi ɣer yiwet seg tamiwin-is. Dɣa mi ara tent-tesdukkel tɣuri (tullisin-a), ad d-banent amzun d yiwen n uḍris yemmdenicuban ɣer yiḥricen n wungal deg kra n yiferdisen kan.
Ad yili umgarad deg tɣessa n uḍris, deg teɣzi-s… deg tkerrist-is akked wanya n tigawin-is, ma d tasiwelt, amsawal akked yiwudam banen ccerken gar tewsatin-a. Deg « Tawliwin n tfekka », amsawal yiwen, zemreɣ ad d-iniɣ ayen i d-tenniḍ : d « amatar n umsami » yellan gar tullisin akked wungal (i la d-yetteddun !).
Deg wayen yerzan aḥric-a aneggaru, tawuri tasnaktant n umsawal, ur sseɣzafeɣ ara awal fell-as axaṭer ula d tasnakta-ya d asentel meqqren, ɣezzifen s wazal-is aseklan. Ad d-iniɣ kan di tazwara, nekk (neɣ yal amaru ahat) ttaruɣ i yimeɣriyen mačči i yiman-iw. Imeɣriyen-a mxallafen deg tektiwin, deg tedmi, deg ttexmam, yal yiwen amek… aya yemmal-d amgarad yettilin ula deg tɣuri. Ad yili uḥric ara yesdukklen imeɣriyen am wakken ara yili uḥric-iḍen ara ten-yebḍun. Yettbeddil urmas (reception) seg umeɣri ɣer wayeḍ, ur zmireɣ ara ad dduɣ di lebɣi i medden merra, d aya iɣef kkateɣ akken ad sfeṛzeɣ tiktiwin-iw ladɣa s yiḍrisen isinawen, win i tent-ifehmen, yebɣa-tent, atan dɣa igerrez, ma d win i tent-yugin, ur tent-yeqbil ara, atan daɣen ad neskasi ma yebɣa askasi !
Nniɣ-d yakan : « D tidet, yella uḥric n umaru : ur ilaq ara ad yezzleg umeɣri tiktiwin-is ! Yella daɣen uḥric n umeɣri : yezmer ad yefhem ayen-nniḍen ɣas d ayen ur nelli deg yinaw n umaru, aya mačči d aḥettem n tektiwin neɣ d awelleh n tɣuri maca tlaq cwiṭ n truẓi n uqerru iwakken ad d-yuddum wadif n tekti n umaru ».Ad uɣaleɣ alamma d tadyant-nni n Yuba iɣef d-mmeslayeɣ deg tririt tis snat yerzan tullist « Gar ufḍis akked zzebra » yellan deg wammud « Aqcic akked yiɣid » ; yal yiwen d acu ara d-yelqeḍ !Ɣef waya i ur cuban ara « yiwellihen » n umsawaldeg teḥkayt ɣer « tesnakta », d rray, d tamuɣli yeḥwaǧen tegzi kan, mačči d ayen ara yesseddun timetti deg ubrid ayeffus neɣ deg ubrid azelmaḍ.
Tin ɣer-s, Gar « rray » n umsawal, « tamuɣli-s » akked « tesnakta-s » llant tulmisin yerzan yal awal. Tabadut n wawalen-a, am wakken i tt-ufiɣ deg yimagraden iseklanen, temmal-d afran iwulmen i yal yiwen deg-sen axaṭer mxallafen.
S tewzel kan ihi, « rray » ila-t bab-is kan (amsawal), ines weḥd-s, ad d-yini s umata ayen yebɣa akked wayen yugi neɣ ad yeg aktazal n wayen yettidir netta akked yiwudam ukkud yeccerk taḥkayt ; yezmer ad t-ibeddel ma tbeddel fell-as teswiɛt iwakken ad iqabel tigawin timaynutin.
« Tamuɣli » n umsawal tekka-d nnig « rray-is », terna aglam n tilawt akked tezrawt n wayen ara d-yawi yimmal akken i as-iḥulfa, akken i t-iwala netta s timmad-is.
« Tasnakta » d anagraw n tektiwin tinmettiyin tisertanin yeddsen, taɣessa-nsent tekkat ad tbeddel rray akked tmuɣli n ugdud, n tmetti merra. Ɣef waya i ilaq ad d-iban rray n umsawal deg teḥkayt, ur ilaq ara ad yili d arawsan iwakken ur as-yessenṭaḍ ara umeɣri ayen ur nelli.
Deg taggara, ad d-iniɣ tira tirawsanin cubant tira tiɣamsanin, d ineḍruyen kan i d-yettifriren. Ifukal n umsawal ssedduyen taɣuri deg ubrid iwulmen, d aḥareb ɣef rray-is akked tmuɣli-s s yiwellihen yessawaḍen s iswi-s. Ma d igmaḍ n tɣuri ur llin gar yifassen-is (n umsawal), d ameɣri i d bab n rray aneggaru : yeɛǧeb-as neɣ ur as-yeɛǧib ara.
Tangalt : Ma ulac aɣilif, ad nekfu awal-nneɣ s yiwet n tneqqiḍt, tban-iyi-d s wazal-is di tullisin n wammud-agi-inek. Ttwaliɣ deg-sent amzun akken malent cwiṭ deg usedyez-nsent (poétique) ɣer tin n wungal. Yezmer ad yili way-agi d afran i tferneḍ anaw-agi n usnulfu ideg msumant tewsatin (contiguité générique) deg yiwen n wadeg aḍrisan (ad d-smektiɣ belli di teskla-nneɣ yeṭṭuqqet way-agi) ; yezmer ad yili diɣen zun akken tessewsaɛeḍ i tira n wungal. Ad k-ǧǧeɣ ad tefkeḍ awal-ik di temsalt-agi.
Ramḍan Ɛebdenbi :D tidet, tira n « Tawliwin n tfekka », gar cwiṭ d waṭas, d asfillet i wungal, yella usenfar-a yerna d aqbur. Cfiɣ skasiɣ akked kra n yimeddukkal deg lawan-nni ideg lliɣ ttaruɣ deg uɣmis « Iẓuran-Racines » (seg 2001 armi yeḥbes dayen deg 2007 waqila !), ɣef usenfar-a yerzan ungal maca s tebratin i la yettaru baba-s i mmi-s amzun d « aɣmis abaḍni », niqal ad tent-id-ssuffɣeɣ deg uɣmis, yiwet i waggur, alamma mmdent 12 n tebratin…nekk ur ssawḍeɣ, aɣmis daɣen ! Deg usenfar-a, di lawan-nni, nudaɣ ad fehmeɣ amek i yebna wungal s tebratin ; amsawal-is, taɣessa-s, talɣa-s… aya qbel « Timsirin n tudert », ammud-iw amezwaru. Seg wass-nni ar ass-a, iban-iyi-d wungal-s-tebratin « am » wungal-s-tullisin,llan wassaɣen gar-asen :yal tullist (yal tabrat) amzun d aḥric n wungal, dacu kan taɣuri-ines (neɣ n tebrat) temmed ama weḥd-s ama teddukkel akked tiyaḍ. Yella daɣen wayen yeccerken ungal akked wammud n tullisin (neɣ n tebratin) : tasiwelt, iwudam, ladɣa amsawal, am wakken yella wayen i ten-yebḍan : teɣzi, tikerrisin, isental, anya, tigawin, ineḍruyen, akud… maca imataren n umsami llan, banen.
Mi d-tenniḍ : « Ad d-smektiɣ belli di teskla-nneɣ yeṭṭuqqet wayagi », ahat amsami-ya d yiwet seg tulmisin n tsekla-nneɣ (ssarameɣ ad aɣ-t-id-tessegziḍ s tagi-nneɣ, s wawalen-nneɣ), wissen ahat ad yekkes rrebg i yiḍrisen. Ad qqimen kan d iḍrisen yebrarḥen, d ilelliyen, d wid yeldin tiwwura i tewsatin-iḍen mačči d wid yettwacekklen deg yiwet n tewsit kan, d tigzi n yizen i d iswi agejdan (ulamma mazal ad yiɣzif leɛmer n tewsatin)… simi ara d-nnulfunt tẓeṛyin-iḍen, ad rnunt kra ɣef wayen i d-ǧǧan yimussnawen n tsekla yecban Adam, Todorov, Genette, akked wiyaḍ. Ma terniḍ ɣer-sen keččini, ahat ad d-tessukkseḍ tasekla-nneɣ seg tcerket n tewsatin, s yilugan, s yiwellihen, s yidlisen ara d-ifesren iḍrisen-nneɣ seg Belɛid at Ɛli alamma d Liza Serik.
Isedda tadiwennit-a : Muḥend Akli Salḥi
