Zahir Meksem d aselmad-amnadi di tesdawit n Bgayet ; iga yerna isedda ddeqs n yinadiyen ɣef uselmed d tesnalmudt n tmaziɣt. Yura idlisen, ama s tmaziɣt ama s tefransist, ɣef uselmed d tesnalmudt tanmettit n tutlayt d yidles n tmaziɣt. Gar-asen : Tisekkiwin n yiḍrisen (2010), Pour une sociodidactique de la langue amazighe : approche textuelle (2011), Asegzawal n tewsatin n yiḍrisen(lwaḥid d Muḥend Akli Salḥi, 2022), atg. Akken diɣen i yella d amengal s teqbaylit ; yura ar tura kraḍ n wungalen : Tabrat n uẓekka (Tira, 2015), Tabrat n yinig (Saramed, 2025), Tabrat n tayri (Ccix Muḥend Ulḥusin, 2025). Deg tdiwennit-agi, ad d-yawi awal ɣef tira-ines tangalant d wamek i yebna ungalen-is d tanekradt (trilogie).
Ussan-agi ineggura, terniḍ-d ungal-ik wis tlata. Yis-s, tsemmdeḍ tanekradt. Bɣiɣ ad ẓreɣ, di tazwara, amek i as-tekkreḍ ? Tin ɣer-s, acimi i d-tebniḍ iḍrisen-ik d tanekradt ? Ittusemma : ma yella tqesdeḍ yis-s iswi (neɣ iswan) ur tettawḍeḍ ma mačči s tdukli n tlata n yiḍrisen?
Tamezwarut, Urǧin greɣ tira n wungal deg uxemmem-iw, urǧin ɣileɣ ad aruɣ ungal. Tis snat, am wakken tekka-d nnig lebɣi acku asmi sliɣ, di 2007, i tedyant n yiwen -yenɣa iman-is mi d-yuɣal si Fransa-, nniɣ ahat zemreɣ ad as-beddleɣ, ad d-sugneɣ ullis ammer ad yelhu. Mi yekfa, di 2010, ur d-ufiɣ amek ara as-semmiɣ -d ungal neɣ d tungalt. Dɣa ɣriɣ aṭas n yimahilen ɣef umgired gar ungal d tullist, ur d-ufiɣ tifrat. Dɣa, d keč maḍi i d-seqsaɣ (tecfiḍ ɣef wawal “mariage pour tous”. Mi d-yeffeɣ wungal di 2015, nwiɣ dayen tira, ziɣ akken qqaren : «Mi as-nniɣ berka, i d-irennu ». Tettezzi deg uqerruy-iw tikti-ya: yessefk ad ibin win yellan d ssebba n tmettant n Meziyan. D annect-a i d-yefkan ungal wis sin. Kfiɣ-t 2022 ; yeffeɣ-d di 2025.
Tis kraḍ, tella-d tedyant n ttar deg wungal wis sin, imi deg wansayen-nneɣ, ttar yettawi-d ttar, s umata ferrun-t s zwaj gar twaculin. Nniɣ-as yelha, ammer ad d-afeɣ ttawil akken ad semlileɣ tiwaculin. Sya i d-yusa usenfar n wungal wis 3. Bdiɣ asbedded n tikti uqbel ad d-yeffeɣ wungal wis 2. Ungal, yeffeɣ-d daɣen 2025. Tura aṭas i d-yeqqaren ilaq wis 4. Ahat, ur zemreɣ ara.
Tis ukuẓ, ɣef tnekradt awal-a, nemcawar fell-as : nekk, d Remḍan Ɛacur d Muḥend Weɛmer Ussalem d Muḥend Akli Salḥi). Deg tazwara, ulac akk tikti-ya ɣur-i acku ur nwiɣ ad aruɣ 3 n wungalen. Almi d asmi kfan, mi zṛiɣ zemren ad ddaklen d yiwen n wungal, imi asentel yezdi-ten, yerna wa yettsemmid wa ; dɣa tegra-d anagar talɣa-a n tnekradt i izemren ad teg assaɣ gar-asen. Ihi uriɣ tazwert ideg wteɣ amek ara d-greɣ tawsit-a deg unnar n tsekla n tmaziɣt -ur ẓriɣ ma twata neɣ ala. D at tsekla ara tt-yefrun.
Deg wawal-ik, kra n tikta uklalent asefru. Yiwet deg-sent d tamsalt n tmagit n uḍris d tewsit. Uqbel ad tt-neεnu, bɣiɣ ad nmeslay ɣef usnulfu aseklan. Tenniḍ-iyi-d amzun akken ur teggmineḍ ara i tira n wungal. Amek yeεni i ak-d-yettban unsulfu angalan ? D asenfar, ad as-yekker umdan, ad yuɣal d amaru/d amengal ? Neɣ aru kan, anida teffeɣ kifkif, syin ad nwali d acu ara d-yeffeɣ ?
Ansulfu angalan d asenfar, am netta am yisenfaren nniḍen n tira. Ur yezmir ad yili «aru kan » ur yelli d asemlili n tseddarin alama yemmed d ungal. Asnulfu d abrid ɣezzifen, yesra aṭas n tewtitlin, akka am tzemmar (tazmert tasnilsant, tazmert taḍrisant, tazmert tinawayt). Yuwi-d daɣen ad yesɛu umdan -ɣas s umata- tamussni taẓrayant deg wayen yerzan ullis, tuddsa-s, iwudam, azɣan aseklan…. Acku ur d-yettlal ara umdan d amengal.
Ma malalent-d ti, yessefk tewtilin-nniḍen : yewwi-d ɣef umaru ad yezmer ad yessugen akken ad yebnu ullis. Annect-a yettekk-d seg tɣuri n waṭas n wungalen, win ur nwulef d tɣuri ur yezmir ad yissin amek ttemsalen ullisen, amek ttarun ungalen. Ilaq-as daɣen lǧehd n tehregt (inspiration). Ma yerna-as asileɣ, ulac am wakken, ad ittikki, d amedya deg tnemselt n tira (atelier d’écriture).
Taneggarut Taflest deg yiman. Yella wayen i wumi qqaren « tugdi n tira » tettakk anzi ɣer « tewriqt tacebḥant » iɣef yecna Lewnis. Tugdi n tira- deg tesnalmudt semman-as : la peur d’écrire, ou d’insécurité scripturale– Tesserkab tuggdi deg umdan acku qqaren-d teskan-d leɛyub-is, yettagad ad ibin d aɛeryan -la peur de se dévoiler- acku ad walin madden tiktiwin-is, d yiḥulfan-is, yettagad daɣen ayen ara d-inin ɣef tira-s. Tugdi-ya tikwal tkerref ula d wid ilan aswir ameqqran deg tira.
Dɣa tabɣest d teflest deg yiman ttemlilint akken amdan ad yekcem deg unnar n usnulfu aseklan. Ihi, ur nezmir ad naru syin ad nwali.
Ad d-leqqmeɣ deg wawal-ik : tizemmar-agi i d-tbedreḍ, mi ddukklent deg usnulfu aseklan (wissen ma bḍant, di tilawt), yettwellih-itent umesnulfuy ilmend n usesmel n tewsatin yellan di tmetti-s. Ɣur-neɣ nekkni, llant tewsatin d timaynutin, tura kan i ttaɣent aẓar deg yidles d tsekla, akka am wungal d tullist. Amek i ak-d-tettban temsalt-agi deg wayen twalaḍ di termit n tira n tnekradt-inek ?
Asnulfu yeṭṭafar ayen yellan di tmetti –acku asismel n yiḍrisen yeqqen ɣer usatal ideg d-lulen, ideg ttaɣen. Ahat ur nezmir ara ad neg tasleḍt i yiḍrisen-nneɣ s userwes d yiḍrisen i d-ilulen anda nniḍen. Am wakken d-yessegza Mammeri deg tezrawt-is (Faut-il écrire spécifique ?) neɣ deg wawal-ik, deg umagrad ɣef umsami n tewsatin (La contiguïté générique).
Bakhtine M, mi d-yessegza « dialogisme » yenna-d : awal [d aḍris neɣ d unaw]urǧin yella n yiwen kan, yezga n wayeḍ ; adṛis yezga yettaɣ-d seg yiḍrisen nniḍen. Dɣa ansa ara d-yaɣ usnulfu, ma mačči seg d tirmad tutlayanin (les activités langagières) yellan di tmetti. Ur umineɣ ara ad d-yesnulfu umdan (deg tutlayt-is neǧ tayeḍ), ma ur yesɛi ara akk assaɣ d tsekla i as-d-yezzin, iseg d-yekker.Uqbel yal asnulfu, amaru ad yili yeṭṭeḍ deg tewsatin n tsekla-ines.
Ihi, ma llant tzemmar, ma yebɣa yiwen ad d-yesnulfu, yuwi-d, deg tama, ad yeḍfer nnefda ; syin, deg tama nniḍen, ad yemsel awal-is akken i as-yehwa imi asnulfu igerrzen d win yeffɣen i ubrid i yettwaneǧren yakan.
Tirmit deg « tnekradt », tidet kan, akken i t-id-nniɣ yakan, deg tazwara, ur ɣileɣ ad awḍeɣ ɣur-s, ur xemmeɣ fell-as. Maca mi yebda usenfar n wungal wis 3, tettban-d tikti-ya n «tnekradt ». Dɣa, nudaɣ ɣef tuddsa n tnekradt, amek tettili, d acu i as-iwatan, imedyaten yellan… Syin, bdiɣ axemmem ɣef wungal wis 3, amek ara yesmed, amek ara yesɛu assaɣ d yimezwura akken ad ttwasuddsen « d tanekradt ». Ur zmireɣ ad ak-iniɣ d asnulfu amaynut. Ahat, d tirmit tamezwarut, wissen dɣa ma yella twata ; ɣer sdat ad d-ibin ma yella uzɣan ɣef wayagi.
Wicqa, ma tebɣiḍ, ad nessuget awal ɣef temsalt-a n tewsit. Acku akken tuklal askasi i tga d tamukrist tameqqrant di tsekla-nneɣ. Kečč, deg tnekradt-ik, tella-ak d asteqsi agejdan ; tuɣaleḍ ɣer-s acḥal d abrid, ama deg wawal-ik deg yisaragen ama di tɣamsa ama deg yiḍrisen-ik s timmad-nsen. Amek twalaḍ kečč, di tirmit-ik ama d tira ama d aselmed, askasi-agi ɣef wungal d tungalt ? Ad k-in-smektiɣ kan belli awal-agi « tungalt » semman-t yakan i uḍris amiran (d aḍris i d-yefɣen ɣer tezrigin Chikh Mohand Oulhoucine, di 2020, azwel-is : Amedyaz n Agur, yura-t Uzenẓar). D aḍris ibedden ɣef teḥkayt s tmedyezt ; bab-is, isemma-as “tungalt tamedyazant”.
Askasi d unadi watan, laqen ad ilin akken ad beddent tulmisin-nsen. Deg tilawt, ur tefri ara. Atas i d-yennan ilaq ad nuɣal ɣer tewtilin tinmettiyin ideg d-ffɣen, maca, mazal ur nuɣal ara.
Ayen yellan deg tiẓri n tsekla, deg wayen ssneɣ d wayen ttwaliɣ, d agbur kan ara ten-yessemgirden, tikerrist, iwudam, ineḍruyen. Akken meẓẓiyet tullist i yettimẓi ugbur. Ungal, daɣen, akken meqqer i yettimɣur ugbur-is. Tullist, ma nuɣal-d ɣer umgired yellan deg unnar n usezreg akked unnar n tsekla gar tullist tamecṭuḥt (micro-nouvelle) d tullist tawezlant (courte nouvelle) d tullist tamensayt (nouvelle traditionnelle), deg tsekla-nneɣ, ɣas teṭṭuqqet tullist tamensayt, bdant ttbinent-d tullisin timecṭuḥin.
Tullist, tbedd ɣef yiwet n tkerrist, kra n yiwudam, ullis-is d awezzlan yettawi srid ɣer « uɣelluy » (la chute). D aɣelluy i yellan d agejdan deg-s (Tikwal ur nettaf ara « aɣelluy », ixus deg tullisin-nneɣ). Deg teqbaylit, yezmer tuwi-d kra seg timawit, am tmacahut neɣ timɛayt acku terra tamawt ɣer taggara yelhan ; tikwal iwudam akk ur qqinen ara ɣer tilawt n tmetti.
Ungal ɣezzif. Inadiyen ttwalin-t gar 10 000 d 40000 n wawalen. Ibedd ɣef waṭas n tkerrisin, aṭas n yiwudam, ineḍruyen ; amaru ila lewseɛ akken ad yessugen, ad yinig deg wullis-is, ad yessiɣzef ullis-is, aglam-is…
Ɣur-nneɣ, ungalen zemren ad yili ddaw n umḍan-a n yisebtar. Ma yessaweḍ umaru ad yessuddes ayen ilaqen deg wungal, icaḍ, d asenfar n wungal i d tidet, rnu-as tulmisin-is.
Ugur deg tsekla-nneɣ, ahat, ar tura ulac tulmisin s wayes ara nessimgired gar-asen, Yezmer imi ulac, deg umezruy-nneɣ, tiwsatin-a, neɣ mazal kan ur tt-nefri ara. Tuget d amaru neɣ d amsezreg i d-yessismilen, i yettsemmin : ungal, tullist.
D acu kan ungalen, tura, cukkeɣ ffɣen-d seg uɛaned n timawit, yuɣal ttwarun war assaɣ d timawit ideg qqnen wungalen imezwura. Akken teẓrid, imahilen-ik, d tezrawin n Nabila Sadi akked tid n Saɛida Muḥend Saɛidi (yezmer llan wiyiḍ, ur ssineɣ) rran tamawt ɣer « useqsi-ya i ilan azal meqqer. Ttwaliɣ, yessefk, tura mi ugten wungalen d tullisin, ad tili tuɣalin ɣur wamek ara yili usemgired gar-asen akken ad d-binent tulmisin n yal yiwen. D asenfar yuklalen ad yili. Nnig n waya : tiẓri n tsekla tezmer ad aɣ-d-tesken abrid i uzɣan d usismel, maca tulmisin yessefk ad kkent seg tesleḍt ara yettwaxdmen s tidet ɣef yiḍrisen-nneɣ. Tin yernan ɣer-s, ur nezmir ad d-nemmeslay ɣef tewsatin-nneɣ ilmend n wayen yellan deg yidelsan nniḍen acku, ma nerra anagar ɣer userwes gar wungalen d tullisin n yidelsan nniḍen, ur tt-nferru ara. Asteqsi, yiwen : anti tulmisin s wayes ara nessemgired gar tullist d wungal ?
Taneggarut, ma tecfiḍ, awal tungalt, sumreɣ-t-id di 2015 deg wungal amezwaru.
Ad ak-d-uɣaleɣ, ma yehwa-ak, ɣer yiḍrisen-ik s timmad-nsen. Ɣas yal yiwen iman-is, taɣessa-nsen yiwet. Akken i ten-yesdukkel uzwel (s wawal « tabrat »), i dukklen amek tebna talɣa-nsen : tezga tebrat yeṭṭafar-d taḥkayt n uwadem agejdan. Tin yernan ɣer-s, tawuri n tebratin d yiwen : d asegzi n waddad uɣur yessaweḍ uwadem agejdan. Yettbeddil usentel seg teḥkayt ɣer tayeḍ ma d taɣessa n uḍris yiwet-is. Tumast (essence) n tnekradt-ik, yettban-iyi-d deg temlilit-agi gar wayen yettbeddilen (dagi d asentel) d wayen isebken (talɣa n tɣessa). D ayen i asen-yefkan assaɣen i yiḍrisen-ik akken, si tama, ad d-slalen tanekradt, si tama tayeḍ, ad yennerni yal aḍris iman-is. D acu i tenniḍ ?
Deg wayen yerzan taɣessa, am wakken teẓriḍ, llant aṭas n talɣiwin iɣef bedden wungalen. Ḍefreɣ taɣessa yettwassnen -tin n 3 waddaden. Wteɣ amek ara sbeddleɣ tikli i wakken ad ibeddel wudem n wayen qqaren s tefransist “suspens”. Dɣa, yal yiwen ilaq ad yekfu s tebrat ideg ara tefru tkerrist. Ɣef waya i ferneɣ azwel s wawal « Tabrat ». Awal-a yesdukkel isental yerna izewlen.
Ma deg wayen yeqqnen s isental, wa igellu-d s wa, almi wḍen kraḍ n wungalen ; myuqqanen, seg tama ; bḍan, seg tama nniḍen. Myuqqanen s uzwel d usentel amatu, rnu-as taɣessa. Bḍan : yal yiwen yuwi-d taḥkayt iman-is. Dɣa d illeliyen wa ɣef wa, maca ddukklen, akken ad d-fken udem n tnekradt. S wudem-a i bedden d wasmi i xemmeɣ ɣer tnekradt.
Asteqsi aneggaru, akken ad nekfu tadiwennit-nneɣ : kečč i ixedmen acḥal deg tesnalmudt tanmettit, d acu ara tiniḍ deg tsekla taqbaylit (tamaziɣt s umata) tineggura-agi ?
Tasnalmudt tanmettit terra azal meqqer i tsekla, akken tebɣu tili, n timawit neɣ tin yuran, tamesnayt neɣ tatrart acku tasekla tezdel ɣef wansayen, ɣef wazalen, ɣef yidles, ɣef umezruy n tmetti. D agerruj n tutlayt.
Tasnalmudt tanmettit tekkat amek ara teg assaɣ ɣer tesnalmudt d tesnilesmettit. Imnadiyen deg taɣult-a, am Marielle Rispail, talwit i yiman-is, teqqar : aselmed n tutlayt yessefk ad yeqqen ɣer usatal n tutlayt, ɣer yidles-is, ɣer tmetti-s iseg d-tufrar (contextualisation). Dɣa tasekla d aɣbalu agejdan i tmussni n tutlayt taḥeqqanit. Ɣef wannect-a i as-tefka tagnit tameqqrant deg uselmed.
Ma nuɣal-d ɣer tsekla-nneɣ, ma nwala s tiṭ n tesnalmudt tanmettit, ad d-iniɣ : ungalen, tullisin, ɣas ur sɛin ara akk yiwen uswir, yif mi llan wala ma ulac-iten. Yal yiwen, yella wayen i d-yewwi i tutlayt d wayen s wayes i tt-yesnerna. D tasekla-ya i yefkan, ara yefken azal i tutlayt ; ur tettɣimi ara di rrif tettwaḥqer (minorisée). S tsekla d yidlisen nniḍen ara teṭṭef amdiq gar tutlayin yuran.
Ulamek ara nesselmed tutlayt war tasekla-ines, d nettat i d tigejdit iseg ara d-yagem uselmad iḍrisen iḥeqqaniyen acku qqnen srid ɣer tmetti, ɣer tumast, ɣer yidles-nneɣ. D aselmed-nsen i izemren ad d-yeslal tigensas yelhan ɣer yinelmaden d medden s umata. Aselmed yersen ɣef tsekla-nneɣ, d allal n usmetti, n ulmad acku ad yissin ayen akk ilan assaɣ d yidles-is d tumast-is.
Tasekla, deg wayen yerzan azal-is asnalmudan, tettakk tagnit i unelmad ad yesnerni tizemmar-is tiḍrisanin ; anamek-is ad yelmed amek ttarun yimura, amek sugunen, amek semtawayen gar tsekla tamensayt d tsekla tatrart, akken, ahat ad yessirem, ad yaru daɣ netta.
Tasekla tatrart, ladɣa- tga azayer i tutalyt (légitimation) ; tban-d gar tutlayin yuran ; ur tettɣimi ara kan d allal n fulklur.
Di tneggarut, yeggra-d ɣef wid i d-yessewjaden idlisfusen, ad rren tamawt ɣer tsekla-ya tatrart, ɣer tmedyezt n yilmeẓyen n tura, ad fernen iḍrisen n yal tawsit akken ad kecmen ɣer uɣerbaz. Deg talliyin yezrin, ɣas llan yiḍrisen n teqbaylit, tikwal suqqulen-d iḍrisen wala ad d-kksen seg wungalen d yidlisen yuran s tmaziɣt.
Tudert d unefli i tsekla-nneɣ.
Tadiwennit-agi, isedda-tt Muḥend Akli Salḥi
