Sult d ungal n umaru anurwijyan Knut Hamsun (1859-1952), yessuffeɣ-t-id deg useggas 1890 ; d ungal yettwasuqlen ar ugar n 100 tutlayin, gara-sent tafransist s wazwel La Faim. D ungal-agi, yelli tawwurt n tetrarit i tsekla tanurwijit ; yettuneḥsab wungal-a d tamigt tameqqrant (chef-d’œuvre).
Ungal Sult (Laẓ, s teqbaylit) yettawi-d ɣef tesnikelt (psychologie) n umdan yeṭṭef laẓ d wamek tettrebbi tikufḍa n tmetti (aliénation) d tzulal (absurdité) akked isentalen yeqqnen ɣer temsal-a. Azal n usentel am wa mazal-it ar ass-a. Ɣas ma Turuft (Europe), seg ṭrad amaḍal ar ass-a, tesserwel fell-as laẓ d waṭṭanen imeqranen, mazal llan yimdanen, di waṭas n tmura, ttazalen ɣef wacu ara ččen, armi yuɣal umdan yenser-as leqder n tudert. Taḥkayt n wungal n Hamsun, teḍra di Kristyana (Oslo n wass-a), di taggara n lqern wis XIX. D taḥkayt n yiwen n umaru war isem, tesnegref (tesḍɛef-it) tigellelt, yettmenṭar.
Taḥkayt, d tikli ɣer telqey n tudert n umdan ; mačči kan mi ara txass tleqqimt n wučči, maca d asteqsi yennekrasen ɣef wamek yessenɣas d wamek yessexrab laẓ tamuɣli (perception) n umdan, d wamek d-igellu s usxertem d wamek yettdemmir amdan ɣer uxenduq n tiselbi d termezɣent (l’irrationnalité). Aya si tama n tesnikelt (psychologie) laẓ. Ma d tikufḍa (l’aliénation) n tmetti tebded ɣef uɛzal i yettwaɛzel uwudam (yettwaḥaz) ; nnif yeɣzan deg-s, yugi win ara as-yefken afus, d ayen i t-yerran iɣunza timetti ideg yettidir. Yettemduduḥ gar yimiren (tiswiεin) n tumert (euphorie) s wayes i d-igellu usnulfu d layas alqayan (désespoir).
Awudam-a n umaru deg wungal-agi, mačči d annect-a kan, yezga yessexser deg tiɣtas (décisions) i t-yessedramen, am tikkelt mi yefka cit n tedrimt-nni i as-d-yeqqimen i wid yenṭaren ugar-is. Dayen i d-yeskanayen amennuɣ yekkren deg yiman-is, gar yiseɣ-is (dignité) am umdan d tzulal (absurdité) n tudert n n umdan. Deg wungal-is, Knut Hamsun, yegzem yebḍa d tira tasilawt (écriture réaliste) n tallit-is ; netta, yerra tamuɣli-s ɣer yimusuyen (mouvements) yettaɣen amdan di telqey n yiman-is.
Aɣanib-is n Knut Hamsun izerrer (a influencé) ddeqs n yimura imeqranen, akka am Kafka, am Hemingway d Albert Camus, acku yessaweḍ yebḍa gar yisentalen i d-yettawin ɣef n teẓrilawt (existentialisme) d yisental n wungal asniklay (psychologique) atrar.
Sult d aḍris yeččuren (intense) armi dayen kan, tikwal yekbel wawal-is, acku yessewham s tseddi (la precision) s wayes i d-yuwi ɣef yineẓman n wallaɣ n umdan.
Uqbel ungal-a, yura yakan Kunt Hamsun ddeqs n yiḍrisen, dacu kan ur nufrar ara, ttuneḥsaben ar tura d iḍrisen n temẓi-s. Sult, iffeɣ-d, di tazwara, d iḥricen di tesɣunt taddanmarkit (danois) Ny Jord deg 1888. Sin n yiseggasen syin akkin, yettwaẓerg-d d ungal. Di kra kan n wakud, yuɣal s wungal-a d yiwen gar yimura imeqranen n tsekla.
Hamsun, s timmad-is, yedder d igellil, d ameɣbun ; yezga yettass yettuɣal gar tmurt-is Nurwaj d Tmura Yedduklen n Marikan (USA) ; ayen yufa ixdem-it akken ad d-isas ass-is, yexdem d akerraz, yexdem di tmacint n tramway.
Asmi i-d-yeffeɣ Sult, tira-s tessewhem, tesdduqes ddeqs. Di tallit-nni, ungalen ttawin-d ɣef tmetti war telqey. Hamssun, netta yerra tamuɣli-s ɣer tigunsa n umdan (intériorité de l’Homme) akken ad yessenṭeq ayen yellan deg telqey n yiman-is. Ula d tira-s kksent tilisa n tewsatin.
Arraz n Nobel d icqiriwen-is.
Hamsun, ur ihenna ara di tudert, yezga yettali yettsubbu. Yettunefk-as warraz n Nobel i wungal-is agejdan Markens Grøde, s tefransist L’éveil de la glèbe (nezmer ad nini Takwin n udeddur[1]). Wagi d aḍris yettweṣṣin ar tuɣalin s axeddim n wakal imi yella mgal gemmu s tmacinin. Di tallit-nni, yedda wawal gar yimura d yimsezɣanen ɣef wamek i as-fkan arraz n Nubel i wungal-is : Markens Grøde (L’eveil de la glebe ou fruits de la terre), i-d-ifɣen deg 1917, mačči i wungal-is Sult (Laẓ) Acku s wungal-a deg-s i d-yesken udem amaynut s wayes yezmer yiwen ad yeḥku iman n umdan (uqbel n psychanalyse n Freud). Ɣer kra ma Sult (laẓ) d awal ɣef umdan igellil yečča laẓ di temdint n Kristyana, d ungal amenzu atrar i d-yettawin ɣef tafrit (conscience), asentel-is d aɣunzu n tɣerma, d tisselbi akked tewtilt n talsa (la condition humaine). Ma d Markens Grød, yuwi-d ɣef urgaz d tmeṭṭut-is imhuras (colons) llan xeddmen akal di Nurwij, rran agama d tẓeɣwa d tibḥirin. Aḍris-agi, d tasemɣurt i uxeddim n wakal d tmurt d tudert tamsedrart di Nurwij s umata.
Taggara n tudert-is, di lawan-nni n ṭrad amaḍal wis sin, yedda d Hitler mi yekcem ɣer Nurwij. Dayen i yessamsen isem-is, yuɣal ɣunzan-t acḥal d aseggas ; wehmen yimeɣriyen-is deg-s, ur sawḍen ad fehmen amek amaru n tsekla am netta ad yeḍfer yir abrid asertan. D netta i as-yennan : «ttaruɣ akken ad swezleɣ akud», mi t-steqsan ɣef wacimi i yettaru.Mazal ad d-nuɣal ɣef Hamsun imi tira-s tezmer ad teglu s waṭas i tsekla-nneɣ. Ula d asuqel n yiḍrisen-is ɣer tutlayt-nneɣ ad yelhu.
Nasser Uderɣal
[1] Abeddur (nm.) – tabeddurt (nf.) : une motte de terre, une glèbe, in Dictionnaire tamazight-français (parler de Maroc central), Miloud Taifi, L’Harmattan-Awal, 1991, Paris. P.9.
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Tanemmirt i Muḥ Lεid Deflawi d Muḥand Akli Salḥi ɣef useɣti-nnsen n weḍris-a.
